Reproduction & Development Flashcards
Define iteroparous
Having multiple reproductive cycles over the duration of a lifetime.
Define semelparous
Having one reproductive cycle over the duration of a lifetime.
Define promiscuous
Mates with multiple partners indiscriminately
Define polygamous
One individual mates with several of the opposite sex
Define polygyny
One male with more than one female
Define polyandry
One female with more than one male
Define monogamous
A pair of one male and one female, usual for a single breeding season
Define gonochoristic
Separate fixed sexes
Define simultaneous hemeraphrodite
The ability to trade roles between male and female during spawning
Define sequential hermaphrodite
Changes in sex over time
Define protogyny
Female to male over time
Define protangry
Male to female over time
Define bi-directional sex change
The ability to change sex in either direction, possibly multiple times
Define parthenogenesis
Asexual reproduction where a female doesn’t need sperm to reproduce
Define sexual dimorphism
Differences in form between sexes
What is the range of spawning sites and degree of nest guarding shown by fishes? (four examples)
Non-guarders: Fish may lave eggs to grow by themselves with open substrate, often these are pelagic and benthic fish.
Brood hiders: Fish that may not guard their eggs but hide them via nests or burying.
Guarders: Fish that build a nest and is protected, usually by males.
Bearers: Eggs are kept with a parent fish until they are hatched. This could be external with a mouth or pouch. This could also be internal within an oviduct.
What is the extent of parental care?
Parental care includes guarding eggs, carrying young during gestation, and provisioning. Care is done by males 80% of the time.
Define and give an example of an ontogenetic niche shift.
An ecological event where an organism changes its diet or habitat. This could be because of the introduction of another organism into the habitat or naturally occurs during growth. For example, most herbivorous fish start off as carnivorous, become omnivores while a juvenile, and the adult form is herbivorous.
What are some alternative strategies used by non-dominate males for spawning?
Sneaker males live on the edge of a dominate male’s territory.
Female mimic lives within a male’s territory.
Parental male has a territory, protects eggs, builds nests, and is bigger.
Polychromatism
Describe the life cycle stages of an Atlantic Salmon.
Eggs are deposited in riverbed gravels. Alevins hatch and feed from the remaining yolk and than become fry who feed on microscopic life. Parr have matured and live in the river for 1 to 6 years depending on food and water temperature. The smolt begins to prepare for saltwater living and swims with the current. The adult salmon live in the ocean and after 1 to 3 years become Redd and return to their original river to spawn via smell.
What is an evolutionarily stable strategy?
A stable distribution of multiple strategies within a species favored by natural selection.
What are to spawning strategies used by marine fish to assure larvae reach appropriate feeding grounds?
Larval transport: in order to not have competition with their own young, larvae may passively travel via currents far from their birth site to feed. Many are translucent to avoid predation and have yolk sacs.
Ontogenetic niche shift: allows the fish to live together w/competition between ages
1) Direct w/ no larva form
2) Indirect w/ distinct larvae and metamorphosis
