reproduction connect Flashcards
Which of the following hormones stimulates uterine contractions during the birth process in mammals?
oxytocin
Maintenance of the uterine lining during pregnancy in mammals requires
progesterone
A ____ oocyte is released from the ovary
secondary
finger-like extensions called ____ receive the egg as it leaves the ovary
fimbriae
if fertilization occurs, it normally occurs in the ______
oviduct
a fertilized egg begins to divide as it moves toward the _____
uterus
a fertilized egg may be implant in the ______ layer
endometrial
sexual reproduction
increases genetic variation
what is the function of the mitochondria in the case of the sperm?
to provide energy for movement
What role(s) does meiosis play in gametogenesis? Check all that apply
- meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes by half
- meiosis allows equal genetic contributions from each parent
which of the choices lists the three phases of the ovarian cycle in the correct order?
follicular; ovulation; luteal
in what order do sperm move through the structures of the female reproductive tract?
vagina; cervix; uterus; oviduct
fertilization of an ovum normally occurs in the
oviduct
which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?
estrogen
T/F: a positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
true
what do you predict would occur if the ovary was inhibited from releasing progesterone
the positive feedback cycle of gonadotropin releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and estrogen would continue
if the hypothalamus was not inhibited by estrogen, which pathway would be interrupted first?
- release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
- release of luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary
if gonadotropin releasing hormone was removed from the system, what do you predict would occur to the levels of estrogen being released into the bloodstream?
lower amounts of luteinizing hormone would be released and therefore lower amounts of estrogen would be produced
what is true of the corpus luteum
secretions of the corpus luteum prepare the uterus for implantation of the embryo
which part of the mammalian sperm contains the nucleus
head
T/F: implantation of the blastocyst into the uterine wall is correlated with the degeneration of the corpus luteum
false
spermatogenesis occurs in the
seminiferous tubules
which of the following is a correct sequence of cells in spermatogenesis?
spermatogonium -> primary spermatocyte -> secondary spermatocyte
what would you predict is the fate of the daughter spermatogonium that resulted from the first mitotic division?
the daughter spermatogonium would go through a mitotic division producing another daughter spermatogonium and a primary spermatocyte
after the second meiotic event, imagine you observed spermatids with 12 chromosomes. what would the primary spermatocyte have for a chromosome count
24
prior to the first meiotic event, you observed a spermatocyte with 12 chromosomes. what would spermatids have for a chromosome count?
6
germ cells in the testes produce 2n cells called _____
spermatogonia
meiosis begins with primary _____
spermatocytes
meiosis 1 ends with the production of ______ spermatocytes, which are the first haploid cells in the process
secondary
meiosis 2 results in the production of 4 haploid _____
spermatids
maturation of sperm occurs in the ______ tubules
seminiferous
what are the 3 glands that produce the liquid portion of semen?
prostate; seminal vesicles; bulbourethral
when a primary follicle enlarges, and there are several layers of granulosa cells, it is called a
secondary follicle
which of the following has an antrum?
mature follicle
during the menstrual cycle, the oocyte is released from the follicle. In what organ does the follicle develop, and what is the immediate destination of the oocyte?
the follicle develops in the ovary and the oocyte will travel to the fallopian tube
there are two phases to the menstrual cycle. identify events that occur concurrently with the follicular phase
- development of fluid filled vessicles
- development of the mature (tertiary) follicle
there are two phases to the human menstrual cycle. identify the events that occur during the luteal phase
- presence of corpus albicans
- presence of the corpus lueteum
- rapid growth of granulosa cells
budding
- the new individual forms on the exterior of parent
- occurs in cnidarians
parthenogenesis
- the new individual is usually haploid
- occurs in social insects
regeneration
- occurs in flatworms
- the new individual is formed from a parental fragment
asexual reproduction…
- only one parent is involved
- parthenogenesis
- offspring are clones of the parent
- budding
- fragmentation
- offspring may be haploid
sexual reproduction…
- gametes fuse
- independent assortment of alleles
- offspring differ from each other and their parents
- method of most eukaryotes
place the events of oocyte maturation in the correct sequence
- several primary oocytes begin to mature within growing follicles
- one primary oocyte completes meiosis 1 to form a secondary oocyte
- the secondary oocyte begins meiosis 2 and is released as ovulation occurs and the follicle ruptures
- the corpus luteum develops from the follicle remnants
- if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates
which of the following lists the structures of the male reproductive tract in the proper order from sperm production to ejaculation?
seminiferous tubules; epididymis; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; urethra
in female mammals, germ cells
are arrested in meiosis 1 until puberty
what are the advantages of internal fertilization
- it provides protection from the environment and predators
- the proximity of sperm and eggs is guaranteed
what is true of semen
- it assists with sperm survival and motility
- it contains fructose
once an egg has been fertilized, what event is crucial for preventing additional sperm from inserting DNA into the egg
the cortical reaction
