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Biology > Reproduction and Inheritance > Flashcards

Reproduction and Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

The zygote is the diploid cell formed from the fusion of a sperm and egg cell, it become an embryo after it starts to divide.

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2
Q

What is the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction

A

-Asexual reproduction involves mitosis to produce genetically identical copies.
-Sexual reproduction involves the combination of sperm and egg cells to create a zygote

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3
Q

What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?

A

The zygote is the diploid cell formed from the fusion of a sperm and egg cell, it becomes and embryo after it begins to divide

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4
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of sexual reproduction.

A

Advantage-It introduces variation
Disadvantage-It is slower and produces a limited amount of offspring

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5
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of asexual reproduction?

A

Advantage-It produces lots of offspring quickly
Disadvantage-It does not introduce variation

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6
Q

3 features of insect pollinated plants

A

-Bright colours
-Sweet nectar
-Sticky pollen

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7
Q

3 features of wind pollinated flowers

A

-Bland colours
-Stigma exposed to the air and feathery
-Light pollen

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8
Q

Describe the process of fertilisation in plants

A

-Pollen lands on the stigma
-Pollen tube begins to grow from the pollen grain into the ovary
-Pollen grains travel down the pollen tube and fertilizes the egg
-Fruit and seeds from the egg

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9
Q

How can seeds grow before they can photosynthesise?

A

They use stores of starch

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10
Q

Give one natural example of plant cloning

A

Plant runners from strawberries

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11
Q

Give one artificial example of plant cloning

A

Tissue cuttings placed in a growth medium

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12
Q

Where are eggs produced

A

Ovaries

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13
Q

How are egg cells adapted to their function?

A

-Large cells
-Large cytoplasm for the lots of divisions they undego
-They have haploid nucleus
-Jelly coat to protect the egg

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14
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function?

A

-Acrosome contains enzymes so the sperm can penetrate the egg
-Haploid nucleus
-Tail so that it can swim
-Lots of mitochondria

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15
Q

Purpose of amniotic fluid.

A

Protect the developing foetus

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16
Q

Purpose of the placenta

A

To allow nutrients and oxygen to pass from the mother to the fetus during development. The bloods may never come in contact though.

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17
Q

What role does estrogen play during puberty?

A

-Increase breast size
-Triggers the development of the uterus
-It causes eggs to mature during the menstrual cycle.

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18
Q

What role does testosterone play during puberty?

A

-Triggers growth and development of the penis and testes.
-Causes voice to deepen
-Triggers the growth of pubic hair
-Increases the muscle mass.

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19
Q

What is the genome?

A

All of the genes present in an organism

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20
Q

What is a gamete

A

Sex cells

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21
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Tightly package DNA.

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22
Q

How many chromosomes do human body cells have?

A

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)

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23
Q

How many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

23 chromosomes

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24
Q

Where are chromosomes located?

A

In the nucleus

25
Q

What is a gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for protein

26
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

-Polymer made from nucleotide monomers
-2 strands in double-helix

27
Q

4 bases in DNA

A

A-T
C-G

28
Q

2 differences between DNA and RNA

A

-RNA is single stranded
-RNA has Urecil instead of Thymine

29
Q

Describe transcription

A

-DNA unzipped by RNA polymerase
-Complementary mRNA nucleotides bind and are joined together
-mRNA detaches and leaves the nucleus.

30
Q

Define Codon

A

A group of 3 bases on the mRNA molecule that code for a single amino acid.

31
Q

Define anticodon

A

3 bases on the tRNA molecule that match the codon on the mRNA molecule.

32
Q

Describe translation

A

-mRNA travels to ribosome
-tRNA molecules with an anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA molecule carry amino acids to the ribosome.
-The amino acids are joined together into a long chain

33
Q

How does the sequence of bases affect the protein made in protein synthesis

A

DNA is a triplet code where 3 bases code for one amino acid and the order of the amino acids determines the protein produced.

34
Q

Define allele

A

Different versions of the same gene

35
Q

Define dominant allele

A

A version of a gene where only one copy is needed for it to be expressed

36
Q

Define recessive allele

A

A version of a gene where two copies are needed for it to be expressed

37
Q

Define homozygous

A

When an organism has two copies of the same allele.

38
Q

Define heterozygous

A

When an organism has two different versions of the same gene

39
Q

Define genotype

A

Genes present for a trait

40
Q

Define phenotype

A

Visible characteristic

41
Q

What does a punnett square do?

A

Allows you to see what is the possibility of inheriting a trait.

42
Q

What do family pedigrees show?

A

The inheritance of an allele over generations.

43
Q

What is codominance?

A

When two alleles affect the phenotype

44
Q

What is monohybrid inheritance

A

The inheritace of one allele

45
Q

3 processes that require mitosis

A

-Growth
-Repair
-Asexual reproduction

46
Q

How many cells does mitosis produce

A

One parent cell produces two daughter cells.

47
Q

How many cells does meiosis produce?

A

One parent cell produces 4 daughter cells.

48
Q

Difference between mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis produces diploid cells wherease meiosis produces haploid cells.

49
Q

What are the two types of variation?

A

Genetic and environmental.

50
Q

What is randm fertilisation?

A

-Random chance of a specific sperm combining with a specific egg
-This increases variation as any female can mate with any male and any one of the millions of sperm could fertilise the egg

51
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A random change in the genetic material of an organism.

52
Q

How do mutations affect the phenotype

A

-Mutations alter the genetic material
-This can cause it to code for a different sequence of amino acids
-A different sequence of amino acids means that the protein will be different.

53
Q

Describe the process of natural selection

A

-Populations are naturally varied due to random genetic mutations.
-Some of these mutations provide a selective advantage
-These organisms survive and reproduce, passing on the successful genes.

54
Q

Define evolution

A

Change in the genetic makeup of a population over time due to natural selection.

55
Q

What are the 2 types of variation

A

Genetic variation and environmental variation

56
Q

3 environmental factors that increase the chance of mutations

A

-Exposure to UV radiation
-Exposure to X-Rays
-Certain chemicals, particularly those found in cigarette smoke

57
Q

Define evolution

A

Evolution is a change in the genetic makeup of a population over time due to natural selection

58
Q

Describe how antibiotic resistance arises

A

-A random genetic mutation causes bacterium to become resistance to the antibiotic
-When the antibiotic is used, all the bacteria that do not have that mutation are killed
-The population containing just the resistant bacteria then begins to grow.

59
Q

What are the risks of antibiotic resistance?

A

Bacteria that causes infection that are resistant to antibiotics are hard to treat and can pose a serious threat to our health

Biology (5 decks)

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