Reproduction and Evolution

Question 1

What is genetic crossing?

Answer 1

The process where genes are mixed in sexual reproduction

Question 2

Define Gene

Answer 2

A section of DNA that contains the instruction for one characteristic

Question 3

Define Allele

Answer 3

The type of gene for one particular
characteristic (e.g. curly hair allele)

Question 4

Define Chromosome

Answer 4

A tightly coiled length of DNA
containing lots of genes

Question 5

Define Traits or Characteristics

Answer 5

The physical appearance resulting
from having a particular set of genes

Question 6

Define Dominant

Answer 6

A gene whose characteristic will be
displayed

Question 7

Define Recessive

Answer 7

A gene whose characteristic will be
hidden by a dominant gene

Question 8

Define Genotype

Answer 8

The combination of genes which
makes up a person’s traits

Question 9

Define Phenotype

Answer 9

The appearance that can be
observed, resulting from the
genotype

Question 10

Define Homozygous

Answer 10

Both types of allele are identical
(either both dominant or both
recessive)

Question 11

Define Heterozygous

Answer 11

Both of the alleles are different (one
dominant, the other recessive)

Question 12

What does FSH stand for?

Answer 12

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Question 13

Where is the pituitary gland?

Answer 13

In the brain

Question 14

What does the pituitary gland in the brain release?

Answer 14

FSH ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH

Question 15

What does FSH do?

Answer 15

Stimulates egg maturation (development) and releases oestrogen from the ovaries

Question 16

What does oestrogen then do? (List 3 reasons)

Answer 16

-causes the uterus lining
to thicken
- switches off the release of FSH
- switches on the release of LH

Question 17

Where is LH released from?

Answer 17

Pituitary gland

Question 18

What does LH do?

Answer 18

Stimulates egg release from the ovary

Question 19

If the egg is not fertilised what occurs?

Answer 19

A period

Question 20

If the egg gets fertilised what hormone is released and what does it do?

Answer 20

Progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining and stops the release of FSH

Question 21

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

Answer 21

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

Question 22

Hormones in the menstrual cycle in order

Answer 22

The pituitary gland in the brain releases FSH. FSH stimulates egg maturation and the release of oestrogen from the ovaries. Oestrogen then causes the uterus lining to thicken, switches of the release of FSH and switches on the release of LH. LH is released from the pituitary gland and stimulates egg release from the ovary. If the egg is fertilised progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining and stops the release of FSH.

Question 23

Function of ovaries

Answer 23

Site of egg production

Question 24

Function of oviducts

Answer 24

Site of fertilisation

Question 25

Function of uterus

Answer 25

Where fertilised zygote embeds

Question 26

Where's the cervix? Function?

Answer 26

Top of vagina

Question 27

Function of vagina

Answer 27

Site of ejaculation and sperm

Question 28

Function of testes

Answer 28

Sperm generation

Question 29

Function of sperm tubes

Answer 29

Pathway of sperm

Question 30

Function of urethra

Answer 30

Tube that links kidneys to bladder

Question 31

Function of penis

Answer 31

External genitalia

Question 32

Function of scrotum

Answer 32

Contains testes

Question 33

Function of prostate gland

Answer 33

Mixes nutrients / secretions with sperm

Question 34

Where is the egg formed?

Answer 34

Ovary

Question 35

Where is sperm formed?

Answer 35

Testes

Question 36

What are the 2 basic types of cell in every organism?

Answer 36

Gamete and somatic cell

Question 37

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 37

A cell that has a full number of chromosomes

Question 38

What is a gamete?

Answer 38

A cell that has half of the full number of chromosomes

Question 39

What is the process of sexual reproduction in animals and plants?

Answer 39

The fusion of 2 gamete. The sperm cell from male and the egg from the female (containing the genetic information) or in plants the pollen nucleus and the egg cell

Question 40

In sexual process how do cells divide?

Answer 40

Through Meiosis

Question 41

What is asexual reproduction and how does it occur?

Answer 41

Where a single parent produces young through cell division called mitosis, it is identical to its parent as it has identical genes

Question 42

In sexual reproduction is the offspring identical to its parents and why?

Answer 42

No because sexual reproduction passes on genes from both parents (half from each), the offspring may have features from both parents

Question 43

Sexual reproduction 2 pros

Answer 43

Immunity to disease/ conditions is most likely to occur Leads to a genetically diverse population

Question 44

Sexual reproduction 2 cons

Answer 44

Needs 2 parents Genetic weaknesses may be passed on

Question 45

Asexual reproduction 3 pros

Answer 45

More time and energy efficient Only needs 1 parent- does not need to find a mate Reproduction is completed faster

Question 46

Asexual reproduction 2 cons

Answer 46

Limited genetic variation Genetic weaknesses will be passed on

Question 47

When are gametes used?

Answer 47

In reproduction

Question 48

The egg is formed in the ...

Answer 48

Ovary

Question 49

The sperm is formed in the ...

Answer 49

Testes

Question 50

The egg size is

Answer 50

Big

Question 51

The sperm size is

Answer 51

Small

Question 52

The egg comparable number

Answer 52

One

Question 53

The sperm comparable number

Answer 53

Millions

Question 54

Egg mobility is

Answer 54

Nill

Question 55

Sperm mobility is

Answer 55

Very mobile

Question 56

When can a Punnett square be used?

Answer 56

To predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross breeding

Question 57

A gene is a sequence of ...

Answer 57

DNA

Question 58

Where is DNA found?

Answer 58

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

Question 59

DNA is a long molecule consisting of what?

Answer 59

Deoxyribose, Phosphate and a nitrogenous base. One of each of these components bonded together correctly forms a nucleotide.

Question 60

A whole DNA molecule has 2 strands, when these twist together what does it form?

Answer 60

A double helix

Question 61

Name the 4 different nitrogenous bases.

Answer 61

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

Question 62

What does Adenine bond with?

Answer 62

Thymine

Question 63

What does Guanine bond with?

Answer 63

Cytosine

Question 64

What are mutations?

Answer 64

Permanent changes in DNA that affect genetic information

Question 65

Give 3 examples of how point mutations occur

Answer 65

Substitution Insertion Deletion

Question 66

What is a point mutation?

Answer 66

Changes in one or few nucleotides

Question 67

What are frameshift mutations?

Answer 67

Shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform it's function

Question 68

Give 2 examples of how frameshift mutations occur

Answer 68

Insertion Deletion

Question 69

What is a chromosome mutation?

Answer 69

Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes original chromosomes

Question 70

Give 4 examples of chromosome mutations

Answer 70

Deletion Duplication Inversion Translocation

Question 71

Example of neutral mutation

Answer 71

Eye colour or birth mark

Question 72

Example of harmful mutations

Answer 72

Sickle cell anemia, down syndrome

Question 73

Example of beneficial mutations

Answer 73

Sickle cell anemia to malaria, immunity to HIV

Question 74

What causes mutations?

Answer 74

Mutations can be inherited and they can be acquired e.g. environmental damage

Question 75

How is evolution caused?

Answer 75

Through natural selection.

Question 76

Why would a population have different phenotypes?

Answer 76

Through random mutations a population will contain individuals with different genotypes thus having different phenotypes

Question 77

What happens when animals have differing phenotypes and what will happen to the animal?

Answer 77

These differing phenotypes will create advantages and disadvantages in the individual's chance of survival. Those with an advantage and more likely to survive long enough to breed and overtime this genotype is widespread over the population.

Question 78

In evolution differing phenotypes must ...

Answer 78

Compete for limited resources e.g. light, food, mates