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Science > Reproduction and Evolution > Flashcards

Reproduction and Evolution Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is genetic crossing?

A

The process where genes are mixed in sexual reproduction

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2
Q

Define Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains the instruction for one characteristic

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3
Q

Define Allele

A

The type of gene for one particular
characteristic (e.g. curly hair allele)

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4
Q

Define Chromosome

A

A tightly coiled length of DNA
containing lots of genes

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5
Q

Define Traits or Characteristics

A

The physical appearance resulting
from having a particular set of genes

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6
Q

Define Dominant

A

A gene whose characteristic will be
displayed

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7
Q

Define Recessive

A

A gene whose characteristic will be
hidden by a dominant gene

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8
Q

Define Genotype

A

The combination of genes which
makes up a person’s traits

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9
Q

Define Phenotype

A

The appearance that can be
observed, resulting from the
genotype

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10
Q

Define Homozygous

A

Both types of allele are identical
(either both dominant or both
recessive)

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11
Q

Define Heterozygous

A

Both of the alleles are different (one
dominant, the other recessive)

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12
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

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13
Q

Where is the pituitary gland?

A

In the brain

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14
Q

What does the pituitary gland in the brain release?

A

FSH ( Follicle Stimulating Hormone) and LH

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15
Q

What does FSH do?

A

Stimulates egg maturation (development) and releases oestrogen from the ovaries

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16
Q

What does oestrogen then do? (List 3 reasons)

A

-causes the uterus lining
to thicken
- switches off the release of FSH
- switches on the release of LH

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17
Q

Where is LH released from?

A

Pituitary gland

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18
Q

What does LH do?

A

Stimulates egg release from the ovary

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19
Q

If the egg is not fertilised what occurs?

A

A period

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20
Q

If the egg gets fertilised what hormone is released and what does it do?

A

Progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining and stops the release of FSH

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21
Q

What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?

A

FSH, LH, oestrogen and progesterone

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22
Q

Hormones in the menstrual cycle in order

A

The pituitary gland in the brain releases FSH. FSH stimulates egg maturation and the release of oestrogen from the ovaries. Oestrogen then causes the uterus lining to thicken, switches of the release of FSH and switches on the release of LH. LH is released from the pituitary gland and stimulates egg release from the ovary. If the egg is fertilised progesterone is released which maintains the uterus lining and stops the release of FSH.

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23
Q

Function of ovaries

A

Site of egg production

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24
Q

Function of oviducts

A

Site of fertilisation

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25
Q

Function of uterus

A

Where fertilised zygote embeds

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26
Q

Where’s the cervix?
Function?

A

Top of vagina

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27
Q

Function of vagina

A

Site of ejaculation and sperm

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28
Q

Function of testes

A

Sperm generation

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29
Q

Function of sperm tubes

A

Pathway of sperm

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30
Q

Function of urethra

A

Tube that links kidneys to bladder

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31
Q

Function of penis

A

External genitalia

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32
Q

Function of scrotum

A

Contains testes

33
Q

Function of prostate gland

A

Mixes nutrients / secretions
with sperm

34
Q

Where is the egg formed?

A

Ovary

35
Q

Where is sperm formed?

A

Testes

36
Q

What are the 2 basic types of cell in every organism?

A

Gamete and somatic cell

37
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A cell that has a full number of chromosomes

38
Q

What is a gamete?

A

A cell that has half of the full number of chromosomes

39
Q

What is the process of sexual reproduction in animals and plants?

A

The fusion of 2 gamete. The sperm cell from male and the egg from the female (containing the genetic information) or in plants the pollen nucleus and the egg cell

40
Q

In sexual process how do cells divide?

A

Through Meiosis

41
Q

What is asexual reproduction and how does it occur?

A

Where a single parent produces young through cell division called mitosis, it is identical to its parent as it has identical genes

42
Q

In sexual reproduction is the offspring identical to its parents and why?

A

No because sexual reproduction passes on genes from both parents (half from each), the offspring may have features from both parents

43
Q

Sexual reproduction 2 pros

A

Immunity to disease/ conditions is most likely to occur
Leads to a genetically diverse population

44
Q

Sexual reproduction 2 cons

A

Needs 2 parents
Genetic weaknesses may be passed on

45
Q

Asexual reproduction 3 pros

A

More time and energy efficient
Only needs 1 parent- does not need to find a mate
Reproduction is completed faster

46
Q

Asexual reproduction 2 cons

A

Limited genetic variation
Genetic weaknesses will be passed on

47
Q

When are gametes used?

A

In reproduction

48
Q

The egg is formed in the …

A

Ovary

49
Q

The sperm is formed in the …

A

Testes

50
Q

The egg size is

A

Big

51
Q

The sperm size is

A

Small

52
Q

The egg comparable number

A

One

53
Q

The sperm comparable number

A

Millions

54
Q

Egg mobility is

A

Nill

55
Q

Sperm mobility is

A

Very mobile

56
Q

When can a Punnett square be used?

A

To predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross breeding

57
Q

A gene is a sequence of …

A

DNA

58
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

59
Q

DNA is a long molecule consisting of what?

A

Deoxyribose, Phosphate and a nitrogenous base. One of each of these components bonded together correctly forms a nucleotide.

60
Q

A whole DNA molecule has 2 strands, when these twist together what does it form?

A

A double helix

61
Q

Name the 4 different nitrogenous bases.

A

Adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), cytosine (C)

62
Q

What does Adenine bond with?

A

Thymine

63
Q

What does Guanine bond with?

A

Cytosine

64
Q

What are mutations?

A

Permanent changes in DNA that affect genetic information

65
Q

Give 3 examples of how point mutations occur

A

Substitution
Insertion
Deletion

66
Q

What is a point mutation?

A

Changes in one or few nucleotides

67
Q

What are frameshift mutations?

A

Shifts the reading frame of the genetic message so that the protein may not be able to perform it’s function

68
Q

Give 2 examples of how frameshift mutations occur

A

Insertion
Deletion

69
Q

What is a chromosome mutation?

A

Changes in number and structure of entire chromosomes original chromosomes

70
Q

Give 4 examples of chromosome mutations

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

71
Q

Example of neutral mutation

A

Eye colour or birth mark

72
Q

Example of harmful mutations

A

Sickle cell anemia, down syndrome

73
Q

Example of beneficial mutations

A

Sickle cell anemia to malaria, immunity to HIV

74
Q

What causes mutations?

A

Mutations can be inherited and they can be acquired e.g. environmental damage

75
Q

How is evolution caused?

A

Through natural selection.

76
Q

Why would a population have different phenotypes?

A

Through random mutations a population will contain individuals with different genotypes thus having different phenotypes

77
Q

What happens when animals have differing phenotypes and what will happen to the animal?

A

These differing phenotypes will create advantages and disadvantages in the individual’s chance of survival. Those with an advantage and more likely to survive long enough to breed and overtime this genotype is widespread over the population.

78
Q

In evolution differing phenotypes must …

A

Compete for limited resources e.g. light, food, mates

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