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Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is menopause

A

Menopause is a time when a woman’s ovaries stop making eggs between the age of 45 to 55

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2
Q

How long can it take for a female to make eggs

A

Every 25 days

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3
Q

The fusing of the nuclei is called …….

A

Fertilisation

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4
Q

If the sperm meets the egg they…

A

Fuse with the eggs nucleus

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5
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

fertilization usually takes place in the Fallopian tube. The Fallopian tube links an ovary to the uterus. the fertilized egg travels down the fallopian tube and implants in the uterus, an embryo starts growing.

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6
Q

When the eggs separate they…

A

Make an identical twin

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7
Q

Sperm are produced in the…

A

In the testis

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8
Q

Egg cells are produced In the…

A

Ovary

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9
Q

What’s the name of an unborn baby

A

Foetus

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10
Q

What can damage a baby

A

Alchohol - affect the brain and fetal alcohol syndrome
Chemicals
Drugs
Viruses
Smoke - less oxygen in the blood can cause smaller baby
Disease eg rubella

Other defects - heart defects, deformed bones, slower development and affect central nervous system

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11
Q

Menstruation is…

A

Having a period every month.

When the soft lining of the uterus breaks down

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12
Q

How is the sperm cell adapted

A
  1. The head is streamlined - contains substances that attack the egg cell surface so the sperm can burrow into the egg
  2. The tail allows it to swim
  3. The long spiral shaped mitochondrion releases energy for the tail
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13
Q

Where is the nucleus in a sperm

A

In the head

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14
Q

What does the cytoplasm do

A

Contains food to provide energy

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15
Q

What’s a cell surface called

A

Membrane

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16
Q

What’s the middle of a cell called

A

Nucleus

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17
Q

Changes in boys

A 
Hair grows
Shoulders get wider
Oder
Makes sperm
Voice breaks
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18
Q

Girl changes

A 
Hair grows
Hips get wider
Oder
Makes egg cells
Breasts develope
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19
Q

Where does an egg cell rest after fertilised

A

On the uterus lining

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20
Q

During sexual reproduction…

A

During sexual reproduction, genes are passed on from both parents.
Which means a mixture of features are inherited from both parents
Females produce sex cells (gametes), called egg cells.
Males produce sex cells (gametes) called sperm cells.

the fusion of a male sex cell with a female sex cell is called fertilisation.

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21
Q

Egg cells are called

A

Ganetes (also called sex cells)

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22
Q

Male ganetes are called

A

Sperm cells(also called sex cells)

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23
Q

Egg+sperm=

A

Zygote(embryo)

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24
Q

Lots of eggs that are fertilised outside the body, eg fish eggs, are eaten by…

A

Predators

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25
Q

Amniotic fluid and placenta

A

Carries oxygen and food

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26
Q

An egg cell is called an…

A

Ovum

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27
Q

Pregnancy lasts for

A

9 months

28
Q

A week or 2 before child birth with the baby turns head down means it’s

A

Engaged

29
Q

When the uterus muscles contract this means

A

Start of labour

30
Q

When the cervix has fully dilated it

A

Gives woman the urge to push

31
Q

Umbilical cord attaches to the?

A

Navel

32
Q

Mammary glands contain

A

Antibodies (prevent diseases and give nutrients)

33
Q

What can damage a baby

A

Smoke - produces less oxygen in the blood leading to smaller baby
Alcohol - can affect the babies brain
Chemicals
Drugs
Medicines
Viruses
A disease called rubella - can cause a miscarriage (baby is born too early and dies)

34
Q

20-30 minutes after birth…

A

The placenta breaks away from the uterus called afterbirth

35
Q

What happens at fertilisation

A

Fertilisation takes place in the oviduct (Fallopian tube).
The egg is fertised when the nuclei of the egg and sperm join. The fertised egg is called a ZYGOTE. After one week after fertilisation it becomes an embryo .
The embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus. Called implantation).
It begins to develop into a fetus and finally into a baby.

35
Q

What happens after the egg has been fertilised

A

The fertilised egg divides to form a ball of cells called an embryo . The embryo attaches to the lining of the uterus. It begins to develop into a fetus and finally into a baby.

35
Q

How does a blocked oviduct prevent fertilisation?

A

the egg released from your ovaries can’t pass through the blockage, the egg and the sperm can’t meet to allow fertilization to occur

35
Q

Stages of labour

A

1/2 weeks before -baby turns head down (head is engaged)
Muscles of the uterus contract (labour)
Contractions increase in power.
Cervix dilates
When the cervix dilates to 10cm, the woman urges to push
The muscles of the uterus pushes baby down through the cervix and out the vagina.

35
Q

After birth

A

The umbilical cord is cut from the babies navel

20-30 minutes after birth the placenta breaks away from the uterus. Called afterbirth

35
Q

Role of the placenta

A

This organ provides oxygen and food to your growing baby and removes waste products eg carbon dioxide, from your baby’s blood. The placenta attaches to the wall of your uterus. The umbilical cord connects the foetus to the placenta

35
Q

Gestation period

A

Once the embryo has developed its organs it is called a foetus. Time it takes for a human fertilised egg to grow into a baby and be born is 40 weeks/ 9 months.

35
Q

The navel is best described as

A

A scar ( where once the umbilical cord was attached)

35
Q

What is the umbilical cord?

A

The umbilical cord is a narrow tube-like structure that connects the developing baby at the navel to the placenta.

36
Q

Mothers milk provides the baby with?

A

Energy (carbohydrate, protein, and fat, vitamins, minerals)

Antibodies to fight infection

37
Q

Give two types of fertilisation

A

internal and external.
Internal fertilization happens in the female body.
External fertilization happens outside of the body. Eg fish
Mammals, birds, and reptiles use internal fertilization.

38
Q

Ovary

A

Produce the egg cells

39
Q

Oviduct -also called the Fallopian tube

A

Where fertilisation takes place

40
Q

Uterus

A

It functions to nourish and house a fertilized egg until the fetus, is ready to be delivered.

41
Q

Vagina

A

provides a passageway for blood and mucosal tissue from the uterus during a woman’s monthly period.
receives the penis during sexual intercourse
provides a passageway for childbirth.

42
Q

Testis (testes)

A

Function is to produce sperm

43
Q

Penis

A

The human penis has a reproductive function and urinary function

44
Q

Foreskin

A

It protects the head of the penis) against urine and faeces

45
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds the testes

46
Q

Urethra

A

The tube sperm cells go through when leaving the body

47
Q

What is adolescence

A

Ages 10-19. Transition between childhood and adulthood

48
Q

What is puberty

A

Child’s body develops into an adult

49
Q

What is ovulation

A

When an egg cell is released from the ovary. Usually every 25 days

50
Q

How is the egg cell adapted

A
  1. The cytoplasm contains a store of food to provide energy for the fertilised egg
  2. A jelly coat makes sure only one sperm cell can enter
51
Q

Adult men produce how much sperm a day

A

100 million

52
Q

Differences in how animals reproduce

A

In mammals fertilisation happens inside the female. INTERNAL fertilisation. Their babies are grown inside therefore fewer offspring are born as the growing embryo is protected inside the mother.
In some animals, e.g. frogs, fish, fertilisation happens outside the female EXTERNAL fertilisation. The fertilised egg cells grow outside their parents.

53
Q

Describe how sexual intercourse leads to fertilisation

I.e. how does a woman become pregnant

A

sperm are transferred from the penis of the male into the vagina of the female. The sperm is forced out of the penis. Called ejaculation.
The sperm swim through the uterus to the oviduct (also called Fallopian tube) and can fertilise an egg cell
The fertised egg - now called an embryo travels to the uterus and implants in the lining of the uterus where it grows into a foetus.

54
Q

How do identical and non identical twins occur

A

Non-identical twins happen when 2 separate eggs are fertilised and then implant into the woman’s womb (uterus)

Identical twins or triplets occur with the fertilization of a single egg that later divides into two or three identical embryos.

55
Q

Explain the purpose of the menstrual cycle

A

Your menstrual cycle helps your body prepare for pregnancy every month. ·
Every 28 days
an egg is released from one of your two ovaries and is ready to be fertilized by a sperm cell.
the lining of your uterus gets thick and provides lots of nutrients to help the embryo grow. If the egg is unfertilised, the uterus lining breaks down and is lost over a period of 3/4 days. Known as your period.

56
Q

Life cycle

A

The changes in an organism from birth till giving birth to offspring

57
Q

Baby born too early

A

Called premature

58
Q

Fetus

A

The embryo has developed a full set of organs

59
Q

Why don’t the Mothers blood and embryos blood mix?

A

Never mix because the mothers blood has a higher pressure and would damage the embryos blood vessels

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