Reproduction

Question 1

Pathway of sperm through the male reproductive system

Answer 1

SEVE(N) UP

S- semniferous tubules
E - epididymis
V - vas deferens
E - Ejaculatory duct
N - nothing
U - urethra
P - penis

Question 2

What are the 2 functional components of the testes

Answer 2

The semniferous tubules and the interstitial cells of leydig.

Question 3

Where are sperm cells produced and what are they nourished by

Answer 3

They are produced in the highly coiled Semniferous tubules and are nourished by Sertoli cells

Question 4

What do the cells of Leydig secrete

Answer 4

They secrete testosterone and other male sex hormones (androgens)

Question 5

What occurs in the epididymis

Answer 5

Sperm mature there and their flagella gain motility until ejaculation.

Question 6

Where is seminal fluid made

Answer 6

Produced through a combined effort by seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral gland

Question 7

Seminal vesicles

Answer 7

Contribute fructose to nourish sperm, also gives fluid mildly alkaline properties

Question 8

prostate gland

Answer 8

Gives seminal fluid mildly alkaline properties to sperm so it can survive acidity

Question 9

Bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands

Answer 9

Produces a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates urethra

Question 10

Stages of spermatogenesis

Answer 10

Spermatogonia –> diploid stem cells
Primary spermatocytes –> diploid and after replicating their genetic material ( S stage)
Secondary spermatocytes –> Haploid, results after first meiotic division
Spermatids –> Haploid, results after meiosis II
Spermatozoa –> After spermatids undergo maturation

Question 11

Components of sperm

Answer 11

Consist of a head (containing the genetic material), a midpiece (which generates ATP from fructose), and a flagellum (for motility).

Question 12

Acrosome

Answer 12

A cap that covers the sperm head, is derived from the Golgi apparatus, and is necessary to penetrate the ovum

Question 13

Stages of oogenesis

Answer 13

Primary oocytes –> Present by birth, all the oogonia have undergone DNA replication, are 2n, and are arrested in prophase I.
Secondary oocyte (+ 1 polar body) –> Occurs after a woman reaches menarche and one primary oocyte per month will complete meiosis I –> remains arrested in metaphase II until fertilization.
Mature ovum –> sperm cell penetrating outer layers of oocytes trigers meiosis II.

Question 14

What are the 2 layers that surround oocytes

Answer 14

Zona pellucida and corona radiata

Question 15

Zona pellucida

Answer 15

Surrounds the oocyte itself and is an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain compounds necessary for sperm cell binding.

Question 16

Corona radiata

Answer 16

Lies outside the zona pellucida and is a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation.

Question 17

What triggers meiosis II of a secondary oocyte

Answer 17

When a sperm cell penetrates the zona pellucida and corona radiata with the help of acrosomal enzymes.

Question 18

Hormonal sexual development

Answer 18

1. At puberty, hypothalamus releases pulses of GnRH
2. GnRH triggers anterior pituitary gland to synthesize and release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

Question 19

Roles of estrogen and progesterone in formation of endometrium

Answer 19

Estrogen establishes and progesterone protects the endometrium

Question 20

Follicular phase

Answer 20

Begins when the menstrual flow, which sheds uterine lining of previous cycle, begins.
Decreased [] of estrogen and progesterone –> GnRH secretion from hypothalamus increases.
Higher GnRH –> increased FSH and LH –> develops ovarian follicles
Follicles produces estrogen –> negative feedback effects –> causes GnRH, LH, and FSH concentrations to level off.