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IB HL biology > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 Female Reprodcutive hormones?

A

Oestrogen
FSH
LH
Progesterone

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2
Q

What is the Male reproductive hormone

A

Testosterone

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3
Q

What is the function of Oestrogen

A
  • pre-natal development of genetalia
  • development of secondary characteristics
  • initiates repair of uterus lining
  • positive feedback on LH to trigger ovulation
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4
Q

What is the function of FSH

A
  • causes one or more follicles in the ovaries to mature

- stimulates secretion of oestrogen

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5
Q

What is the function of LH

A
  • stimulates ovulation
  • stimulates conversion of empty follicle into corpus luteum
  • stimulates secretion of progesterone
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6
Q

What is the function of progesterone

A
  • completes repair of uterus lining
  • negative feedback on pituitary to block release of FSH
  • maintains uterus lining in early part of pregnancy
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7
Q

what causes the gonads in the male embryo to develop as testes and move down through the abdominal cavity

A

A gene on the Y chromosome

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8
Q

What happens when the testes start to produce testosterone

A

the external genetalia develop into the male structures

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9
Q

which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland

A

FSH and LH

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10
Q

which hormone is released from the follicle

A

Oestrogen

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11
Q

Which hormone is released from corpus luteum

A

Progesterone

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12
Q

What are the 6 stages of Spermatogenesis

A 
1- Male Germ Cell
2-Spermatogonium 
3-primary spermatocyte
4-secondary spermatocyte
5-spermatid
6-sperm cells
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13
Q

what are the 6 stages of OOgenesis

A 
1-Female germ cell 
2-oogonium
3-prmiary oocyte
4-secondary occyte + first polar body 
5- Ootid+second polar body 
6-Ovum
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14
Q

similarities between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • mitosis at start
  • cell growth
  • 2 divisions of meiosis
  • differentiation
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15
Q

Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

A
  • polar bodies are not formed during spermatogenesis
  • secondary oocyte contains more cytoplasm than sperms
  • 4 gametes produced in spermatogenesis - only 1 gamete in females (+2 polar bodies)
  • Spermatogenesis is continuous - Oogenesis pauses after prophase 2
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16
Q

what is a sertoli cell

A

surround and feed sperm forming cells and provide them with the right environment for meiosis

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17
Q

what is an interstitial cell

A

these secrete testosterone

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18
Q

what are germinal epithilium cells

A

these divide by mitosis to start the process of spermatogenesis

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19
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

secretes progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle

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20
Q

what is the seminal vesicle

A

produces one of the fluids making up semen

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21
Q

what is the prostate gland

A

produces one of the fluis making up semen

22
Q

what is the epididymis

A

temporary storage region for the sperm whilst it matures

23
Q

function of scrotal sac

A

keeps testes at a lower temperature

24
Q

function of testes

A
  • produces sperm

- produces testosterone

25
Q

what is the sperm duct

A

transfers sperm during ejaculation

26
Q

what is the urethra

A

transports urine

transports semen during ejaculation

27
Q

what is erectile tissue

A

fills with blood to produce an erection

28
Q

what is the function of the penis

A

enters vagina to release semen near cervix during ejaculation

29
Q

what is the endometrium

A

lining which breaks down and is replaced eah month. when blastocyst reaches the uterus it sinks into the endometriu,

30
Q

what is the uterus

A

place where the fetus grows

31
Q

function of ovary

A

releases one secondary oocyte once a month

releases progesterone and oestrogen during pregnancy

32
Q

function of oviduct

A

picks up secondary oocyte at ovulation
site of fertilisation
transports blastocyst to uterus

33
Q

function of cervix

A

becomes plugged with mucus to protect the fetus during pregnancy

34
Q

what is the vagina

A

region where semen is deposited during intercourse

birth canal

35
Q

what is the acrosome

A

contains enzymes that allow the sperm head to penetrate the zona pellucida

36
Q

function of microtubules and protein fibres in sperm cell

A

used for propulsion

37
Q

funtion of mitochondria in sperm cell

A

provide energy through aerobic respiration for propulsion

38
Q

where does final maturation of sperm occur

A

the female genital tract

39
Q

what are the 9 structrual features of the secondary oocyte

A 
polar body 
fluid-filled space
haploid nucleus
plasma membrane
zona pellucida 
corticle granules 
layer of follicle cells 
centrioles
cytoplasm
40
Q

function of zona pellucida

A

contains specific glycoproteins that the sperm head binds to
hardens to prevent polyspermy

41
Q

function of corticle granules

A

contain enzymes which:
remove the sperm binding glycoproteins on the surface of the zona pellucida
cause changes to proteins in the zona pellucida creating the fertillisation membrane which prevent other sperm from entering the cytoplasm

42
Q

function of centioles

A

produce spindle microtubules

43
Q

function of cytoplasm in secondary oocyte

A

contains lipid droplets as a food reserve

44
Q

what are the 9 structrual features of the sperm

A 
haploid nucleus 
plasma membrane 
acrosome
centriole
mitochondria
micrtubules and protein fibres
tail (40 nanoM)
midpiece (8nanoM)
head (4nanoM)
45
Q

what is the final maturation of sperm called

A

capacitation

46
Q

what is positive chemotaxis

A

when oocyte releases chemicals that can be detected by sperm allowing them to locate the oocyte.

47
Q

what does hCG stand for

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

48
Q

what does IVF stnad for

A

in vitro fertilisation

49
Q

define alticial

A

species that gives birth to offspring that are incompletely developed

50
Q

define precocial

A

species that give birth to relatively well developed offspring i.e have hair, open eyes and are mobile

IB HL biology (7 decks)

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