Reproduction

Question 1

What are the 4 Female Reprodcutive hormones?

Answer 1

Oestrogen
FSH
LH
Progesterone

Question 2

What is the Male reproductive hormone

Answer 2

Testosterone

Question 3

What is the function of Oestrogen

Answer 3

• pre-natal development of genetalia
• development of secondary characteristics
• initiates repair of uterus lining
• positive feedback on LH to trigger ovulation

Question 4

What is the function of FSH

Answer 4

• causes one or more follicles in the ovaries to mature

- stimulates secretion of oestrogen

Question 5

What is the function of LH

Answer 5

• stimulates ovulation
• stimulates conversion of empty follicle into corpus luteum
• stimulates secretion of progesterone

Question 6

What is the function of progesterone

Answer 6

• completes repair of uterus lining
• negative feedback on pituitary to block release of FSH
• maintains uterus lining in early part of pregnancy

Question 7

what causes the gonads in the male embryo to develop as testes and move down through the abdominal cavity

Answer 7

A gene on the Y chromosome

Question 8

What happens when the testes start to produce testosterone

Answer 8

the external genetalia develop into the male structures

Question 9

which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 9

FSH and LH

Question 10

which hormone is released from the follicle

Answer 10

Oestrogen

Question 11

Which hormone is released from corpus luteum

Answer 11

Progesterone

Question 12

What are the 6 stages of Spermatogenesis

Answer 12

1- Male Germ Cell
2-Spermatogonium 
3-primary spermatocyte
4-secondary spermatocyte
5-spermatid
6-sperm cells

Question 13

what are the 6 stages of OOgenesis

Answer 13

1-Female germ cell 
2-oogonium
3-prmiary oocyte
4-secondary occyte + first polar body 
5- Ootid+second polar body 
6-Ovum

Question 14

similarities between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Answer 14

• mitosis at start
• cell growth
• 2 divisions of meiosis
• differentiation

Question 15

Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis

Answer 15

• polar bodies are not formed during spermatogenesis
• secondary oocyte contains more cytoplasm than sperms
• 4 gametes produced in spermatogenesis - only 1 gamete in females (+2 polar bodies)
• Spermatogenesis is continuous - Oogenesis pauses after prophase 2

Question 16

what is a sertoli cell

Answer 16

surround and feed sperm forming cells and provide them with the right environment for meiosis

Question 17

what is an interstitial cell

Answer 17

these secrete testosterone

Question 18

what are germinal epithilium cells

Answer 18

these divide by mitosis to start the process of spermatogenesis

Question 19

what is the corpus luteum

Answer 19

secretes progesterone in the second phase of the menstrual cycle

Question 20

what is the seminal vesicle

Answer 20

produces one of the fluids making up semen

Question 21

what is the prostate gland

Answer 21

produces one of the fluis making up semen

Question 22

what is the epididymis

Answer 22

temporary storage region for the sperm whilst it matures

Question 23

function of scrotal sac

Answer 23

keeps testes at a lower temperature

Question 24

function of testes

Answer 24

• produces sperm

- produces testosterone

Question 25

what is the sperm duct

Answer 25

transfers sperm during ejaculation

Question 26

what is the urethra

Answer 26

transports urine | transports semen during ejaculation

Question 27

what is erectile tissue

Answer 27

fills with blood to produce an erection

Question 28

what is the function of the penis

Answer 28

enters vagina to release semen near cervix during ejaculation

Question 29

what is the endometrium

Answer 29

lining which breaks down and is replaced eah month. when blastocyst reaches the uterus it sinks into the endometriu,

Question 30

what is the uterus

Answer 30

place where the fetus grows

Question 31

function of ovary

Answer 31

releases one secondary oocyte once a month | releases progesterone and oestrogen during pregnancy

Question 32

function of oviduct

Answer 32

picks up secondary oocyte at ovulation site of fertilisation transports blastocyst to uterus

Question 33

function of cervix

Answer 33

becomes plugged with mucus to protect the fetus during pregnancy

Question 34

what is the vagina

Answer 34

region where semen is deposited during intercourse | birth canal

Question 35

what is the acrosome

Answer 35

contains enzymes that allow the sperm head to penetrate the zona pellucida

Question 36

function of microtubules and protein fibres in sperm cell

Answer 36

used for propulsion

Question 37

funtion of mitochondria in sperm cell

Answer 37

provide energy through aerobic respiration for propulsion

Question 38

where does final maturation of sperm occur

Answer 38

the female genital tract

Question 39

what are the 9 structrual features of the secondary oocyte

Answer 39

``` polar body fluid-filled space haploid nucleus plasma membrane zona pellucida corticle granules layer of follicle cells centrioles cytoplasm ```

Question 40

function of zona pellucida

Answer 40

contains specific glycoproteins that the sperm head binds to hardens to prevent polyspermy

Question 41

function of corticle granules

Answer 41

contain enzymes which: remove the sperm binding glycoproteins on the surface of the zona pellucida cause changes to proteins in the zona pellucida creating the fertillisation membrane which prevent other sperm from entering the cytoplasm

Question 42

function of centioles

Answer 42

produce spindle microtubules

Question 43

function of cytoplasm in secondary oocyte

Answer 43

contains lipid droplets as a food reserve

Question 44

what are the 9 structrual features of the sperm

Answer 44

``` haploid nucleus plasma membrane acrosome centriole mitochondria micrtubules and protein fibres tail (40 nanoM) midpiece (8nanoM) head (4nanoM) ```

Question 45

what is the final maturation of sperm called

Answer 45

capacitation

Question 46

what is positive chemotaxis

Answer 46

when oocyte releases chemicals that can be detected by sperm allowing them to locate the oocyte.

Question 47

what does hCG stand for

Answer 47

Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

Question 48

what does IVF stnad for

Answer 48

in vitro fertilisation

Question 49

define alticial

Answer 49

species that gives birth to offspring that are incompletely developed

Question 50

define precocial

Answer 50

species that give birth to relatively well developed offspring i.e have hair, open eyes and are mobile