Reproduction Flashcards
What are the two types of reproduction
A sexual reproduction and sexual reproduction
How many parents are involved in a sexual reproduction
One
How many parents are involved in sexual reproduction
Two
In a sexual reproduction what did the children like compare to the parents
The same
In sexual reproduction how did the children look compared to the parents
Different
In a sexual reproduction how quickly a new organisms produced
Quickly
In sexual reproduction how quickly our new organism produced
More slowly
Why would God knows take cuttings of their favourite plants instead of planting new seeds
The new plant will be identical to the original
What do you each parent produce
Gametes
What are the female gametes
Eggs
What are the male gametes
Sperm
Implants what are the female gametes
Eggs or ovules
In plants what are the male gametes
Pollen grains
What is it called when a male gamete meets with a
female gamete
The process of fertilisation
What happens during fertilisation
When an egg meets with the sperm they create a zygote which goes through through a cell division creating an embryo which goes through another cell division
What is the petal
The petal is often large. and brightly coloured to attract insects
What is the stamen
The stamen is the male part. It consists of the anther and the filament.
Pollen is produced by the anther
What is the sepal
The sepal is A green leaflike structure which protects the flower bud
What is the carpel
The Carpel consists of this stigma, the style, ovules, ovary. These are the female parts pollen is deposited on the stigma which is supported by the style egg cells are found in the ovules inside the ovar
What is the process of pollination
When pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma of another flower
What are pollen grains carried by
Insects such as butterflies bees and moths. The wind
Why do you wind pollinated flowers tend to be small with no bright colours , no scent and no nectar
Because the wind will blow past the floor and move the pollen, without needing to be attracted to a flower
Wind pollinated flowers produce more pollen grains
To increase the chance of the pollen being carried to the stigma of the correct species of flower
Wind pollinated flowers produce very small, light, pollen grains. Why?
Because the pollen needs to be like enough to be carried by the wind
Give it to examples of plants which are insect pollinated
Sunflowers and orchids
What might attract insects to a flower
- Colour
- scent
- Nectar
Would you expect insect pollinated plants to produce more or less pollen and wind pollinated plants? Give a reason for your answer
No. Because there is an increased chance of the poem being delivered to another stigma by an insect but with wind pollination the plant needs more pollen so there is more of a chance of the pollen being delivered to another stigma of the same species
Why do you insect pollinated plants pollen grains look the way they do
They have tiny hooks on them to allow them to stick to the insects body
What is better cross pollination or self pollination
Cross pollination is better as it introduces variation
What happens during fertilisation
A pollen tube goes down through the stigma going to the style and towards the ovule
What are the parts of a seed
The embryo the cotyledons the radical and the plumule
Why is it good for seeds to be dispersed away from the parent plant
They can colonise new areas. It reduces competition between the parent and the offspring for space, light, water and nutrients.
What are the four main methods for disbursing seeds
Animals, wind, exploding, water
What seeds use animals to be dispersed
Tomatoes, apples, cleavers
What seeds rely on the wind to be dispersed
Dandelions, thistles, sycamore
What seeds rely on explosion to be dispersed
Gorse
What seeds rely on water to be dispersed
Coconuts
Why do plants wait until summer to germinate
The new seedling has a better chance of survival and the weather is warmer
what does seeds need to grow
Warmth water oxygen light
Why should men produce thousands of sperm
The journey the sperm mates as long as it is and some of them may not make it
How do sperm cells move
They move on their own by swimming
What happens when animals mate in water
The sperm and eggs are released externally
The sperm swims to the egg to fertilise it
What are the parts of the male reproductive system
Sperm duct-carries on from the testes to get to the urethra
Urethra - it is a tube running down the centre of the penis
Penis-contain spongy erectile tissue which fills with blood causing an erection
Scrotum- a skin bag which houses the testes keeping them cooler than body temperature (Which is the best temperature for sperm production)
Testes - the two testes of a male produce sperm as well a sex hormones
Prostate gland-produces a liquid called semen for the sperm to swim in
Bladder-part of the excretory system
What is in the female reproductive system
0vary-releases one egg per month also produces sex hormones
Cervix-this is the tight neck of the uterus
Vulva-The opening of the vagina
Oviduct-egg passes along it to the uterus fertilisation occurs here
Uterus-this is where the baby develops
Vagina-immaculate tube connecting uterus to the outside
What are the changes during a male body during puberty
The voice breaks They get taller Pubic hair grows Facial hair grows Shoulders and chest get broader Penis gets longer Testes hang lower
What are the changes in the the female body during puberty
The nipples get darker Breasts develop Get taller Hips broaden Pubic hair grows Periods start
What is the proper name for a period
Menstruation
How often do periods occur
Once a month
Why do periods occur
If the egg released does not get fertilised the uterus will be in the right condition for the zygote implant and develop that one egg is not fertilised the lining of the uterus is not needed any more so it is broken down and passed out of the vagina
How many days are in the menstrual cycle
28
When is a period
In the first week of the menstrual cycle
When is a woman most likely to get pregnant
In days 11-14 of the menstrual cycle
What day does ovulation take place
Day 14
How do men make sure the sperm are released as close to the eggs as possible
He inserts his erected penis into the vagina and ejaculates
What is ejaculation
Movement of the penis causes the muscles around the testes and sperm ducts to squeeze semen out of the penis and into the vagina
How far is it for a sperm to reach the egg
Around 10 cm
Fertilisation must occur in the oviduct. Why?
Eggs and sperm only live for about 48 hours. If a sperm met the egg in the uterus, it would already be dead
What happens when 1 speed gets through the eggs membrane
The membrane hardens to keep the other sperm out
What happens after fertilisation
The egg continues its journey to the uterus through the oviduct, splitting into more cells
What is it called when the ball of cells sinks into the uterus lining
Implantation
What do some cells make
The embryo
What happens to the embryo as it develops
It will become a baby
What do the remaining cells divide into
A life support system for the baby
What is the job of amniotic fluid
It cushions the baby if the mother numbs against something
It keeps the baby at a constant temperature
What is the plate shaped structure in the wall of the uterus called
Placenta
What chemicals need to pass from the mothers blood to the embryos blood
Food molecules and oxygen
What chemicals need to pass from the embryos blood to the mothers blood
Carbon dioxide and other waste materials
Why is it important that the blood of the mother and the blood of the embryo do not mix
The mother and the child could belong tho different blood types
The mothers blood pressure is much higher than the child’s
What is the purpose of the umbilical cord
Connects the foetus to the placenta
What is the purpose of the amniotic fluid
Cushions the foetus and keeps it at a steady temperature
What is the purpose of the cervix
Remains closed throughout pregnancy
What is the purpose of the placenta
A plate shaped structure in the wall of the uterus. The mother and the foetus’s blood cells run very close to each other in the placenta
A pregnant mother should eat a healthy diet because …
The developing baby gets all its food from its mothers blood. It needs protein for growth, calcium for growing bones etc
A pregnant mother should not drink or smoke because
The alcohol and the nicotine can get across the placenta and harm the foetus
Why should A pregnant mother get vaccinated against German measles
If the German measles virus gets across the placenta the baby could be blind or deaf
Foetus lengths
10 weeks 60mm 14 weeks 115mm 18 weeks 150mm
When does contractions mean
Muscles in the uterus wall start to squeeze, pushing the baby a little lower and stretching the cervix so that the opening of uterus widens
What does the breaking of the waters mean
The amnion tears releasing the amniotic fluid
