Reproduction Flashcards
Gonadotropins
Released by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior of the pituitary
FSH and LH
Esterous
The whole process aka the HEAT CYCLE Recurring event Normal stages of reproduction -establish pregnancy -if not pregnant, cycle will recur
Polyesterous
Animas that cycle continuously throughout the year if no pregnancy
–> cattle, swine and people
Seasonal polyesterous
Animals with seasonal variations in esterous cycles = 4cycles per year about
–>horse, sheep, cats
Diesterous
Animas with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall
–> dogs except basenjis
Monoesterous
Animas with one cycle per year
–> wolf, fox, mink and basenjis
Esterous cycle stages
- Proesterus
- Estrus
- Diesterus
- Anesterus
Proesterus
First stage of the esterous cycle
It’s the time leading to esterus
Esterus
Second stage of the esterous cycle (btwn proesterus and diesterus)
Time of mating
Diesterus
Third stage of the esterous cycle (btwn esterus and anesterus)
Time pregnancy is established
Anesterus
Fourth stage of esterous cycle (except polyesterous animals)
Nonreproductive period
Temporary ovarian inactivity
Seasonal polyesterous, diesterous and monoesterous animals
Esterus
Period of sexual receptivity in females
Estrogen level peaks
Ovulation occurs during esterus at different times depending on species
Ovulation
Part of esterus stage
Rising level of LH causes mature follicle to ovulate (oocyte is released into oviduct
Induced ovulators–ovulation occurs after breeding
–cats, rabbits, camelids and ferrets
—problematic because can go into heat before we can anticipate it
—-ex cats and fluorescent lights
Metesterus
5th stage
Very short stage, often part of the diesterus stage for some species
Female attracts the male still but no longer allows mating
Ovulated follicles metamorphose into beginning stages of corpus luteum and secrets progesterone
–cattle
Canine esterous
Puberty onset: 6 months (small breed)
Esterous cycle length: 3 weeks, twice a year (diesterous)
Esterus: 9 days
Ovulation: 2-4 days after onset
Optimal breeding: days 3 & 5 or 4 & 6 after LH peak
Gestation: 58-63 days (about 2 months)
Feline esterous
Puberty onset: 4-6 months
Esterous cycle length: seasonal polyesterous, 14-21 days
Esterus duration: 8 days
Ovulation: induced ovulators
Optimal breeding: 3rd day of esterus and several hours apart for at least 3 breedings
Gestation: 65 days (about 2 months)
Equine esterous
Puberty onset: 18 months
Esterous cycle length: seasonal polyesterous, 21 days (3weeks)
Esterus duration: 4-7 days
Ovulation: 1-2 days before end of esterus
Optimal breeding: at ovulation (within 48 hours of it)
Gestation: 330 days (about 11 months)
Bovine esterous cycle
Puberty onset: 12 months
Esterous cycle length: polyesterous 21 days
Esterus: 12-18 hours
Ovulation and optimal breeding: 12-18 hours after end of esterus
Gestation period: 283 days (about 9 months)
Oocyte
Egg
What happens after fertilization?
Egg implantation and placenta formation
Placenta
Multilayered fluid filled membranous sac
Outer most layer of placenta attaches to the uterine lining in some areas
-fetal and maternal blood vessels are in close proximity to each other = sight of exchange of blood nutrients and waste
Each fetus has their own placenta
Multiparus
Multiple babies per birth are carried in the uterine horns
Uniparus
Single baby per birth are carried in the uterine body
Gestation period
Time from fertilization of ovum to the delivery of the new born
Determine pregnancy
Abdominal palpitations
Hormone assay
Ultrasound (ultrasonography)
Radiography (at least 30 days into pregnancy/ after diesterus)
Female anatomy
Ovary Uterine horn Uterine body Cervix Bladder (not reproductive) Oviduct
