Reproduction

Question 1

Gonadotropins

Answer 1

Released by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior of the pituitary
FSH and LH

Question 2

Esterous

Answer 2

The whole process aka the HEAT CYCLE
Recurring event
Normal stages of reproduction 
-establish pregnancy
-if not pregnant, cycle will recur

Question 3

Polyesterous

Answer 3

Animas that cycle continuously throughout the year if no pregnancy
–> cattle, swine and people

Question 4

Seasonal polyesterous

Answer 4

Animals with seasonal variations in esterous cycles = 4cycles per year about
–>horse, sheep, cats

Question 5

Diesterous

Answer 5

Animas with two cycles per year, usually spring and fall

–> dogs except basenjis

Question 6

Monoesterous

Answer 6

Animas with one cycle per year

–> wolf, fox, mink and basenjis

Question 7

Esterous cycle stages

Answer 7

1. Proesterus
2. Estrus
3. Diesterus
4. Anesterus

Question 8

Proesterus

Answer 8

First stage of the esterous cycle

It’s the time leading to esterus

Question 9

Esterus

Answer 9

Second stage of the esterous cycle (btwn proesterus and diesterus)
Time of mating

Question 10

Diesterus

Answer 10

Third stage of the esterous cycle (btwn esterus and anesterus)
Time pregnancy is established

Question 11

Anesterus

Answer 11

Fourth stage of esterous cycle (except polyesterous animals)
Nonreproductive period
Temporary ovarian inactivity
Seasonal polyesterous, diesterous and monoesterous animals

Question 12

Esterus

Answer 12

Period of sexual receptivity in females
Estrogen level peaks
Ovulation occurs during esterus at different times depending on species

Question 13

Ovulation

Answer 13

Part of esterus stage
Rising level of LH causes mature follicle to ovulate (oocyte is released into oviduct
Induced ovulators–ovulation occurs after breeding
–cats, rabbits, camelids and ferrets
—problematic because can go into heat before we can anticipate it
—-ex cats and fluorescent lights

Question 14

Metesterus

Answer 14

5th stage
Very short stage, often part of the diesterus stage for some species
Female attracts the male still but no longer allows mating
Ovulated follicles metamorphose into beginning stages of corpus luteum and secrets progesterone
–cattle

Question 15

Canine esterous

Answer 15

Puberty onset: 6 months (small breed)
Esterous cycle length: 3 weeks, twice a year (diesterous)
Esterus: 9 days
Ovulation: 2-4 days after onset
Optimal breeding: days 3 & 5 or 4 & 6 after LH peak
Gestation: 58-63 days (about 2 months)

Question 16

Feline esterous

Answer 16

Puberty onset: 4-6 months
Esterous cycle length: seasonal polyesterous, 14-21 days
Esterus duration: 8 days
Ovulation: induced ovulators
Optimal breeding: 3rd day of esterus and several hours apart for at least 3 breedings
Gestation: 65 days (about 2 months)

Question 17

Equine esterous

Answer 17

Puberty onset: 18 months
Esterous cycle length: seasonal polyesterous, 21 days (3weeks)
Esterus duration: 4-7 days
Ovulation: 1-2 days before end of esterus
Optimal breeding: at ovulation (within 48 hours of it)
Gestation: 330 days (about 11 months)

Question 18

Bovine esterous cycle

Answer 18

Puberty onset: 12 months
Esterous cycle length: polyesterous 21 days
Esterus: 12-18 hours
Ovulation and optimal breeding: 12-18 hours after end of esterus
Gestation period: 283 days (about 9 months)

Question 19

Oocyte

Answer 19

Egg

Question 20

What happens after fertilization?

Answer 20

Egg implantation and placenta formation

Question 21

Placenta

Answer 21

Multilayered fluid filled membranous sac
Outer most layer of placenta attaches to the uterine lining in some areas
-fetal and maternal blood vessels are in close proximity to each other = sight of exchange of blood nutrients and waste
Each fetus has their own placenta

Question 22

Multiparus

Answer 22

Multiple babies per birth are carried in the uterine horns

Question 23

Uniparus

Answer 23

Single baby per birth are carried in the uterine body

Question 24

Gestation period

Answer 24

Time from fertilization of ovum to the delivery of the new born

Question 25

Determine pregnancy

Answer 25

Abdominal palpitations
Hormone assay
Ultrasound (ultrasonography)
Radiography (at least 30 days into pregnancy/ after diesterus)

Question 26

Female anatomy

Answer 26

Ovary
Uterine horn
Uterine body 
Cervix
Bladder (not reproductive)
Oviduct