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Biology GCSE > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

What is asexual reproduction like in plants

A

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and their offspring are known as clones

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2
Q

What are clones

A

An identical copy of the parent with the same genetic material

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3
Q

How to potatoes asexual reproduce

A

Using tubers

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4
Q

How to strawberry plants asexually reproduce

A

Using lateral shoots called runners

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5
Q

Why does the offspring plant in asexual reproduction have to grow a little further away form the parent plant

A

To avoid competition for water, sunlight, miners ions and space for roots and growth

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6
Q

What is sexual reproduction in plants

A

This involves the joining of the female and male gametes in a process called fertilisation

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7
Q

What is the genetic information of the offspring in sexual reproduction in plants like

A

Half of the genetic information from the two parents

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8
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction in plants

A

Gametes involved
Fertilisation involved
Variation in offspring
Has survival value in changing environments

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9
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction in plants

A

No gametes, fertilisation involved
No/very little variation in offspring
Clones are produced
Has survival value in a stable environment

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10
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction in plants

A

Involves only one parent organism
All the characteristics of one parent are inherited by all offspring
Many organisms reproduce asexually when conditions are favourable (eg plenty of food) and build up numbers quickly

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11
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF A FLOWER

A

LEARN IT

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12
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the stigma

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13
Q

What are the two types of pollination

A

Self pollination

Cross pollination

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14
Q

What is self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma from the same plant

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15
Q

What is cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma of another plant of the same species

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16
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of self pollination

A

Advantage: efficient process because the pollen doesn’t have to travel far
Disadvantage: does not offer much chance of genetic variation

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17
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of cross pollination

A

Advantage: offers greater chance of genetic variation
Disadvantage: risky process since some pollen does not reach the other plant

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18
Q

What is the male part of a flower called and what does it consist of

A

Stamen, anther and filament

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19
Q

What is the female part of a flower called and what does it consist of

A

Carpel, stigma and style and ovary

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20
Q

Function of the anther

A

Produces pollen containing the male gamete

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21
Q

Function of filament

A

Supports anther

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22
Q

Function of the stigma

A

Catches pollen

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23
Q

Function of the style

A

Supports the stigma and allows pollen grains to travel to the ovary

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24
Q

Function of the ovary

A

Where the ovules (female gametes) are stored

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25
Q

Function of petals

A

Attracts insects

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26
Q

Function of the nectary

A

Produces a sugary solution called nectar that is a ‘reward’ for insects

27
Q

Function of the sepals

A

Protects the flower when in bud

28
Q

What are the two mechanisms of pollination

A

Wind and insect

29
Q

Characteristics of an insect pollinated plant

A

Large and brightly coloured petals to attract insects
Nectar is present as a reward for insects
Strong scent
Enclosed stigma and stamen so that the insects must make direct contact with them to transfer or pick up the sticky pollen grains

30
Q

Characteristics of a wind pollinated plant

A

Small, not brightly coloured, normally green
No nectary
No/weak scent
Exposed and feathery stigma to catch pollen grains in the wind
Exposed stamen so that the wind can easily blow pollen away

31
Q

What is fertilisation

A

The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote

32
Q

Fertilisation in humans

A

Sperm + egg = zygote (baby)

33
Q

Fertilisation in plants

A

Pollen + ovum = zygote (seed)

34
Q

Describe fertilisation in plants (3 steps)

A

1) pollen grain germinates and a tube grows through the stigma and style towards the ovary
2) the male gamete in the pollen tube fuses with the female gamete in the ovule to form a diploid zygote
3) the zygote divides many times to produce an embryo

35
Q

What happens to the ovary after fertilisation

A

The wall of the ovary changes: it may become hardened and dry or fleshy. The ovary is now called a fruit.

36
Q

Methods of seed dispersal

A

Wind, water, attachment and faeces

37
Q

What is germination

A

When seeds start to grow, when the root or shoot appears

38
Q

Seeds lie dormant until the conditions are right for germination. What conditions are needed for germination to start?

A

Optimum temperature: so that the enzymes can act efficiently
Water: to activate enzymes for chemical reactions to take place like amylase to break down starch to glucose for respiration
Oxygen: for respiration which provides energy for growth

39
Q

What are the two ways that plants reproduce

A

Asexually and sexually

40
Q

Approx length of menstrual cycle

A

28 days

41
Q

What is ovulation

A

When a mature egg is released mid cycle

42
Q

What are the four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle

A

FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone

43
Q

What does FSH and LH stand for and where are they produced

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinising Hormone

In the pituitary gland

44
Q

What is the function of FSH

A

To stimulate an egg to mature in the ovary

45
Q

When are FSH levels high

A

During menstruation and ovulation

46
Q

Why do FSH levels decrease after menstruation

A

Because you don’t want another egg to mature at the same time

47
Q

Where is oestrogen produced

A

The ovaries

48
Q

What is the function of oestrogen

A

Help to repair the lining of the uterus to make it thick and spongy

49
Q

When are oestrogen levels high and why

A

After menstruation

To repair the lining, to stimulate LH production and to inhibit FSH

50
Q

Function of LH

A

Causes the release of the mature egg from the follicle. It’s levels are high during ovulation.

51
Q

What happens after ovulation

A

The follicle develops into a solid body called the corpus luteum. This produces progesterone.

52
Q

Function of progesterone

A

Causes the uterus lining to remain thick with lots of blood vessels so that it is suitable to receive the fertilised egg after fertilisation has occurred in the Fallopian tubes.
If this occurs, progesterone continues being produced to keep the lining growing so that it is suitable for implantation.

53
Q

What happens if the egg is not fertilised

A

The corpus luteum stops producing progesterone. This will cause the lining to break down and is shed as a menstrual period.

54
Q

What happens to the progesterone during pregnancy

A

The level of progesterone is high throughout pregnancy. It is first produced by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta to inhibit the release of FSH and LH so to prevent menstruation.

55
Q

LEARN DIAGRAMS OF PENIS AND VAGINA

A

LEARNNNNN

56
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF PLACENTA

A

📝📝📝📝📝📝📝📝📝

57
Q

Function of the placenta

A

Transfers oxygen, glucose and protein from the mother’s blood and site of waste removal eg. Urea and CO2

58
Q

What happens to the uterus just before birth

A

It contracts, causing the amnion to rupture and the amniotic fluid to escape

59
Q

What happens to the cervix and uterus during birth

A

They become fully dilated

60
Q

Function of the amnion

A

Encloses the developing embryo. It secretes a fluid called amniotic fluid

61
Q

Function of the amniotic fluid

A

Protects the embryo against jolts and bumps

62
Q

Function of the umbilical artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood containing waste products from the placenta

63
Q

Function of the umbilical vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood containing nutrients placenta to the fetus

Biology GCSE (18 decks)

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