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Biology GCSE > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is asexual reproduction like in plants

A

Asexual reproduction involves one parent and their offspring are known as clones

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2
Q

What are clones

A

An identical copy of the parent with the same genetic material

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3
Q

How to potatoes asexual reproduce

A

Using tubers

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4
Q

How to strawberry plants asexually reproduce

A

Using lateral shoots called runners

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5
Q

Why does the offspring plant in asexual reproduction have to grow a little further away form the parent plant

A

To avoid competition for water, sunlight, miners ions and space for roots and growth

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6
Q

What is sexual reproduction in plants

A

This involves the joining of the female and male gametes in a process called fertilisation

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7
Q

What is the genetic information of the offspring in sexual reproduction in plants like

A

Half of the genetic information from the two parents

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8
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction in plants

A

Gametes involved
Fertilisation involved
Variation in offspring
Has survival value in changing environments

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9
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction in plants

A

No gametes, fertilisation involved
No/very little variation in offspring
Clones are produced
Has survival value in a stable environment

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10
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction in plants

A

Involves only one parent organism
All the characteristics of one parent are inherited by all offspring
Many organisms reproduce asexually when conditions are favourable (eg plenty of food) and build up numbers quickly

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11
Q

LEARN DIAGRAM OF A FLOWER

A

LEARN IT

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12
Q

What is pollination

A

The transfer of pollen to the stigma

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13
Q

What are the two types of pollination

A

Self pollination

Cross pollination

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14
Q

What is self pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma from the same plant

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15
Q

What is cross pollination

A

Transfer of pollen to the stigma of another plant of the same species

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16
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of self pollination

A

Advantage: efficient process because the pollen doesn’t have to travel far
Disadvantage: does not offer much chance of genetic variation

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17
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of cross pollination

A

Advantage: offers greater chance of genetic variation
Disadvantage: risky process since some pollen does not reach the other plant

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18
Q

What is the male part of a flower called and what does it consist of

A

Stamen, anther and filament

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19
Q

What is the female part of a flower called and what does it consist of

A

Carpel, stigma and style and ovary

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20
Q

Function of the anther

A

Produces pollen containing the male gamete

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21
Q

Function of filament

A

Supports anther

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22
Q

Function of the stigma

A

Catches pollen

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23
Q

Function of the style

A

Supports the stigma and allows pollen grains to travel to the ovary

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24
Q

Function of the ovary

A

Where the ovules (female gametes) are stored

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25
Function of petals
Attracts insects
26
Function of the nectary
Produces a sugary solution called nectar that is a 'reward' for insects
27
Function of the sepals
Protects the flower when in bud
28
What are the two mechanisms of pollination
Wind and insect
29
Characteristics of an insect pollinated plant
Large and brightly coloured petals to attract insects Nectar is present as a reward for insects Strong scent Enclosed stigma and stamen so that the insects must make direct contact with them to transfer or pick up the sticky pollen grains
30
Characteristics of a wind pollinated plant
Small, not brightly coloured, normally green No nectary No/weak scent Exposed and feathery stigma to catch pollen grains in the wind Exposed stamen so that the wind can easily blow pollen away
31
What is fertilisation
The fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote
32
Fertilisation in humans
Sperm + egg = zygote (baby)
33
Fertilisation in plants
Pollen + ovum = zygote (seed)
34
Describe fertilisation in plants (3 steps)
1) pollen grain germinates and a tube grows through the stigma and style towards the ovary 2) the male gamete in the pollen tube fuses with the female gamete in the ovule to form a diploid zygote 3) the zygote divides many times to produce an embryo
35
What happens to the ovary after fertilisation
The wall of the ovary changes: it may become hardened and dry or fleshy. The ovary is now called a fruit.
36
Methods of seed dispersal
Wind, water, attachment and faeces
37
What is germination
When seeds start to grow, when the root or shoot appears
38
Seeds lie dormant until the conditions are right for germination. What conditions are needed for germination to start?
Optimum temperature: so that the enzymes can act efficiently Water: to activate enzymes for chemical reactions to take place like amylase to break down starch to glucose for respiration Oxygen: for respiration which provides energy for growth
39
What are the two ways that plants reproduce
Asexually and sexually
40
Approx length of menstrual cycle
28 days
41
What is ovulation
When a mature egg is released mid cycle
42
What are the four hormones involved in the menstrual cycle
FSH, LH, Oestrogen, Progesterone
43
What does FSH and LH stand for and where are they produced
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinising Hormone | In the pituitary gland
44
What is the function of FSH
To stimulate an egg to mature in the ovary
45
When are FSH levels high
During menstruation and ovulation
46
Why do FSH levels decrease after menstruation
Because you don't want another egg to mature at the same time
47
Where is oestrogen produced
The ovaries
48
What is the function of oestrogen
Help to repair the lining of the uterus to make it thick and spongy
49
When are oestrogen levels high and why
After menstruation | To repair the lining, to stimulate LH production and to inhibit FSH
50
Function of LH
Causes the release of the mature egg from the follicle. It's levels are high during ovulation.
51
What happens after ovulation
The follicle develops into a solid body called the corpus luteum. This produces progesterone.
52
Function of progesterone
Causes the uterus lining to remain thick with lots of blood vessels so that it is suitable to receive the fertilised egg after fertilisation has occurred in the Fallopian tubes. If this occurs, progesterone continues being produced to keep the lining growing so that it is suitable for implantation.
53
What happens if the egg is not fertilised
The corpus luteum stops producing progesterone. This will cause the lining to break down and is shed as a menstrual period.
54
What happens to the progesterone during pregnancy
The level of progesterone is high throughout pregnancy. It is first produced by the corpus luteum and then by the placenta to inhibit the release of FSH and LH so to prevent menstruation.
55
LEARN DIAGRAMS OF PENIS AND VAGINA
LEARNNNNN
56
LEARN DIAGRAM OF PLACENTA
📝📝📝📝📝📝📝📝📝
57
Function of the placenta
Transfers oxygen, glucose and protein from the mother's blood and site of waste removal eg. Urea and CO2
58
What happens to the uterus just before birth
It contracts, causing the amnion to rupture and the amniotic fluid to escape
59
What happens to the cervix and uterus during birth
They become fully dilated
60
Function of the amnion
Encloses the developing embryo. It secretes a fluid called amniotic fluid
61
Function of the amniotic fluid
Protects the embryo against jolts and bumps
62
Function of the umbilical artery
Carries deoxygenated blood containing waste products from the placenta
63
Function of the umbilical vein
Carries oxygenated blood containing nutrients placenta to the fetus

Biology GCSE (18 decks)

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