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Bio 110 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does natural selection select for?

A

genes that enables an organism to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

what is reproduction?

A

Reproduction is the driving force of evolution

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3
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

Single parent produces genetically identical cells through mitosis

Identical cells produced through mitosis from single parent

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4
Q

Pros of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. No mate necessary

2. Genetically identical

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5
Q

Cons of asexual reproduction?

A

Genetically identical

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6
Q

what are the five types of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. binary fission
  2. budding
  3. vegetative reproduction
  4. fragmentation
  5. Parthenogenesis/Apomixis
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7
Q

what is binary fission and where does it happen in most?

A

When one cell divides into two equal or nearly equal daughter cells

Happens in most single celled organisms

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8
Q

what is budding?

A

An adult cell grows a smaller daughter cell from its own body

ex. Sponges

single and multicellular organisms
- all non-bilaterian taxa

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9
Q

what is vegetative reproduction?

A

new individuals are created from parts of adults

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10
Q

fragmentation

A

Occurs in simple animals (echinoderms, porifera, etc.)

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11
Q

Parthenogenesis/Apomixis

A

Offspring born from unfertilized egg

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12
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

two parents combine genetic information

only in eukaryotes

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13
Q

Pros of sexual reproduction?

A

Genes are recombined to form an entirely new genome

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14
Q

Cons of sexual reproduction?

A
  1. Must find a mate

2. Must undergo mating

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15
Q

what do ciliates undergo in sexual reproduction?

A

conjugation

  1. Genes are transferred through a micronucleus
  2. Micronuclei fuse together to form a new genome
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16
Q

what is fertilization?

A
  1. Where two cells fuse into one

2. Most multicellular organisms produce haploid gametes

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17
Q

what do most multicellular organisms produce?

A

Most multicellular organisms produce haploid gametes

  1. “+” and “-”
  2. sperm and egg
  3. produce the diploid zygote
  4. Develops by mitosis into a new multicellular organism
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18
Q

what is dioecious?

A
  1. Organism that produces only one type of gamete

2. male/female

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19
Q

what is monoecious?

A
  1. Organism that produces both types of gametes
  2. Hermaphroditic
  3. May or may not self fertilize
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20
Q

what are spores?

A
  1. Cells dispersed for breeding purposes

2. May form from sexual or asexual processes

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21
Q

what are spores always?

A

Are ALWAYS haploid

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22
Q

what are the two types of life cycles?

A
  1. Diplontic life cycle

2. Haplodiplontic life cycle

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23
Q

what is the Diplontic life cycle?

A
  1. Only the diploid stage is multicellular

2. Haploid stage is one gamete cell

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24
Q

what Is the Haplodiplontic life cycle?

A
  1. Multicellular diploid stage = Sporophyte

2. Multicellular haploid stage = Gametophyte

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25
Q

what characteristics do chlorophytes and charophytes both have?

A
  1. Haplodiplontic life cycle
  2. Gametophyte and sporophyte appear identical
  3. +/- gametes
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26
Q

what are the characteristics of brown algae?

A
  1. Haplodiplontic life cycle
  2. Gametophyte is reduced
  3. Sporophyte is dominant
  4. Egg and sperm
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27
Q

what are the characteristics of bryophytes?

A
  1. Haplodiplontic
  2. Gametophyte is dominant:
    - —Archegonia – Female
    - —Antheridia – Male
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28
Q

what happens bryophytes after fertilization?

A

After fertilization:

  • -Archegonia grows a sporophyte stalk
  • -Sporophyte produces spores and is non-photosynthetic
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29
Q

what are the characteristics of pteridophytes?

A
  1. Haplodiplontic

2. Sporophyte dominant

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30
Q

in pteridophytes what happens in the sporophyte cycle?

A
  1. produce sori on the back of the fronds
  2. Small gametophyte with antheridia and archegonia
    - –The gametophyte is free living and photosynthetic
  3. Sperm fertilizes egg and a sporophyte grows from archegonium
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31
Q

what are the characteristics of seed plants?

A
  1. Haplodiplontic
  2. Seed plants produce 2 kinds of gametophytes
    - – male and female gametophytes
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32
Q

what are the two kinds of gametophytes in seed plants and they do?

A
  1. Male gametophytes = microgametophyte
    - -Pollen grains
    - -Dispersed by wind or a pollinator
  2. Female gametophytes = megagametophyte
    - -Develop within an ovule
    - -Enclosed within diploid sporophyte tissue
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33
Q

what happens in gymnosperms?

A
  1. Sporophyte produces male and female cones
    - -Pollen grains develop in male cones by meiosis
    - -Female cones are larger, and have woody scales
  2. scales of female cone are open, pollen grains drift down between them
  3. pollen tube emerges from the pollen grain
    - -digests its way to the embryo sac
    - -Delivers sperm
    - -Fertilization
34
Q

what does angiosperms possess?

A

possess flowers and fruit?

35
Q

what does the flower structure contain?

A
  1. Floral organs–which are thought to have evolved from leaves
  2. complete flower
  3. incomplete flower
36
Q

what is the structure of flowers?

A

Calyx

Corolla

Androecium

Gynoecium

37
Q

Calyx

A

Consists of sepals

38
Q

Corolla

A

Consists of petals

39
Q

Androecium

A
  • -Collective term for stamens

- -A stamen consists of a filament and an anther

40
Q

Gynoecium

A
  • -Collective term for carpels

- -A carpel consists of an ovule, ovary, style, and stigma

41
Q

what does a complete flower have?

A

A complete flower has four whorls

42
Q

what does an incomplete flower have?

A

incomplete flower lacks one or more of these whorls

43
Q

how are gamete produced?

A

Gametes are produced in separate, specialized structures

44
Q

what is a microgametophyte?

A

Four microspores that form through meiosis and become pollen grains

45
Q

what does each microgametophyte consist of?

A

Each consist of:

  1. Tube cell
  2. Generative cell that will later divide to two sperm cells
46
Q

what are the 8 haploid nuclei in megagametophyte?

A
  • egg
  • 2 synergids
  • 2 polar nuclei
  • 3 antipodals
47
Q

what is pollination?

A

Pollination is the process by which pollen is placed on the stigma

48
Q

what are the two types of pollination and what are they?

A
  1. Self-pollination
    - –Pollen from a flower’s anther pollinates stigma of the same flower
  2. Cross-pollination
    - –Pollen from anther of one flower pollinates another flower’s stigma
49
Q

what are the pollinators?

A
  1. Bees
  2. Butterflies
  3. Birds
50
Q

Bees

A
  • -Most common insect pollinatiors

- -Nectar guides

51
Q

Butterflies

A

–Prefer flowers that have flat “landing platforms”

52
Q

Birds

A
  • -Like red flowers

- -Usually inconspicuous to insects

53
Q

what is wind pollination?

A
  • -small, green, and odorless
  • -Often grouped and hanging down in tassels

ex. grass, corn

54
Q

what happens in fertilization?

A
  1. Angiosperms undergo a unique process called double fertilization
    - -Tube cell forms a pollen tube
    - -generative cell divides to form 2 sperm cells
  2. One sperm cell fuses with the egg cell to form the diploid (2n) zygote
    - -Other sperm cell nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei to form the triploid (3n) endosperm
    - —>nourishes embryo
55
Q

how does fertilization happen on fungi?

A
  1. fertilization simply by merging hyphae cells from two individuals
    - -nuclei fusion in a process called karyogamy, forming a diploid (2n) zygote
    - -Sometimes forms a dikaryotic cell (1n+1n) before karyogamy
56
Q

what is karyogamy and what does it form?

A
  • nuclei fusion in a process

- forms a diploid (2n) zygote

57
Q

what is a dikaryotic cell?

A

(1n+1n) or n+n

58
Q

what are the types of internal fertilization?

A

Oviparity, Ovoviviparity, and Viviparity

59
Q

Oviparity

A

Fertilized eggs are deposited outside mother’s body to complete their development

60
Q

Ovoviviparity

A

Fertilized eggs are kept within mother to complete development, and young obtain food from egg yolk

61
Q

Viviparity

A

Young develop within mother and obtain nourishment from her blood

62
Q

what are the aquatic vertebrates and what type of fertilization do they undergo?

A
  1. Cartilaginous fish
    - -fertilization is internal
    - -Viviparous, ovoviviparous, and oviparous
  2. Bony fish and most amphibians
    - -fertilization is external
63
Q

what are amniotes?

A

Animals with an amniotic egg

64
Q

what are the characteristics of an amniotic egg?

A
  1. The amniotic egg has four membranes
  2. Water tight
  3. Results from internal fertilization
65
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of reptiles and birds?

A
  1. Most reptiles and birds are oviparous
    - -Lay amniotic eggs
    - -Birds incubate the egg to keep it warm
  2. Most male reptiles use a penis to inject sperm into females
    - -Copulation
66
Q

what is the reproductive cycle of mammals?

A
  1. Female reproductive cycles involve periodic release of a mature egg (ovulation)
  2. Most female mammals have estrous cycles
    - -Females are receptive to males only around ovulation (estrus)
  3. Primates have menstrual cycles
    - -shedding inner lining of the uterus (menstruation)
    - -Can copulate at any time in their cycle
67
Q

what is menstruation?

A

shedding inner lining of the uterus

68
Q

what type of fertilization do monotremes mammals undergo?

A

Monotremes are oviparous

–Lay amniotic eggs

69
Q

what type of fertilization do marsupial mammals undergo?

A

Marsupials are viviparous

–Give birth to incompletely developed fetuses, which mature in mother’s pouch

70
Q

what type of fertilization do placental mammals undergo?

A

Placental’s are viviparous

–Retain young in uterus for long periods of development

71
Q

where did fertilization evolve?

A

Evolved in the ocean before animals colonized land

72
Q

what are the types of fertilization?

A

External fertilization and Internal fertilization

73
Q

External fertilization

A
  1. Eggs and sperm are released into the water where union of free gametes occurs
  2. Most aquatic organisms do this
74
Q

Internal fertilization

A

Sperm are introduced into the female reproductive tract

75
Q

what life cycle do animals undergo?

A

Diplontic

Most reproduce only sexually

76
Q

Basidiomycota

A
  1. Spore germination leads to the production of haploid mycelium
  2. Mycelium may fuse
  3. Dikaryotic basidiocarp has hundreds of basidia in each gill
77
Q

what happens when mycelium in fuse in Basidiomycota

A
  1. Results in fertilization
  2. Now dikaryotic
  3. Basidiocarps (mushrooms) form from secondary mycelium
78
Q

each gill in dikaryotic basidiocarp?

A
  1. Club-shaped sexual reproductive structure
  2. Karyogamy occurs within the basidium, and meiosis follows
  3. Four haploid basidiospores result (each basidium 4 haploid cells)
79
Q

what is the difference between pollination and fertilization?

A 
Pollination = pollen on stigma
Fertilization = pollen tube grows all the way
80
Q

what is the difference between Diplontic and Haplodiplontic cycle?

A 
Haplodiplontic 
1. multicellular stage (diplontic and haploid stage)
2. equal diplontic and haploid stage
Diplontic 
1. single celled things that are haploid

Bio 110 (6 decks)

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