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Bio 110 > Population Ecology > Flashcards

Population Ecology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Ecology

A

Study of how organisms interact with one another and their environment

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2
Q

What are the possible terms of responses to environmental changes

A

can be short or long term

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3
Q

short term response of environmental changes

A
  • From a few minutes, to an individual’s lifetime

- We discussed a variety of ways to cope

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4
Q

long term response of environmental changes

A

Natural selection can operate to make a population better adapted to the environment (evolution)

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5
Q

what does natural selection lead to

A

evolutionary adaptation to environmental conditions

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6
Q

what happens to closely related species that live in different environments

A

evolve differently

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7
Q

Populations

A

Groups of same species in the same place at the same time

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8
Q

3 characteristics of population ecology

A
  • Population range, area throughout which a population occurs
  • Pattern of spacing of individuals
  • How population changes in size through time
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9
Q

Range

A

Most species have limited geographic range

Ex. Devil’s hole pupfish lives in a single spring in southern Nevada

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10
Q

Ranges change through time

A
  • Environment changes
  • Dispersal to new areas
  • Humans have expanded and reduced ranges
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11
Q

Metapopulations

A

A network of distinct (physically distant) interacting populations.

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12
Q

Where does metapopulations occur

A

Occur in areas in which suitable habitat is patchily distributed and is separated by intervening stretches of unsuitable habitat

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13
Q

Ecological Footprint:

A

amount of productive land required to support an individual

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14
Q

what is the rate that world population growth is declining

A
  • High of 2.0% in 1965–1970
  • 1.2% in 2008
  • Still an increase of 78 million people per year
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15
Q

what is the cause of the declining rate of human population growth

A

increased family planning efforts and the increased economic power and social status of women

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16
Q

what could happen to the population in Kenya and Sweden in less than 35 years

A
  • Kenya’s population could double

- Sweden’s will remain stable

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17
Q

what is K for the human population growth

A

Carrying capacity

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18
Q

what could be the biggest challenge to biosphere in the future

A

-Rapidly growing human population

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19
Q

what type of distribution is seen amongst the countries

A

uneven distribution

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20
Q

is the ecosystem under stress

A

yes

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21
Q

what did the changes since 1700 allow

A

allowed humans to escape logistic growth

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22
Q

what has happen to the human populations

A

have grown exponentially

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23
Q

what happened to the birth and death rates

A

Birth rate has dropped

Death rate has fallen dramatically

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24
Q

pictures to know

A

table 55.2, 55.3

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25
Q

what is the quantitative study of populations

A

-How population size changes through time

  • –Whole population or
  • –Study birth and death rates of a specific age
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26
Q

what can population growth be influenced by

A

the population’s sex ratio

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27
Q

Generation time

A

average interval between birth of an individual and birth of its offspring

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28
Q

what is the # of births directly related to

A

Number of births directly related to number of females

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29
Q

what can populations with short generations do quicker then long generation

A

increase in size more quickly than populations with long generations

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30
Q

what do larger animals generally have

A

have longer generation times

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31
Q

Age structure

A

Determined by the numbers of individuals in each different age group

32
Q

cohort

A

group of individuals of the same age

33
Q

Fecundity

A

number of offspring produced in a standard time

34
Q

Mortality

A

death rate in a standard time

35
Q

what does age structure havecritical influence on

A

population’s growth rate

36
Q

what does life tables show

A

show probability of survival and reproduction through a cohort’s life

37
Q

Survivorship

A

Percent of an original population that survives to a given age

38
Q

Survivorship curve

A

has 3 types

39
Q

what traits does natural selection favor

A

traits that maximize the number of surviving offspring left in the next generation

40
Q

what are the 2 factors that affect traits favored by natural selection

A
  • How long an individual lives

- How many young it produces each year

41
Q 
Collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis) ...bird
and 2 factors
A
  • Shows trade-off between current reproductive effort and future reproductive success
  • Cost of reproduction
42
Q

how important is the number of offspring produced

A

The number of offspring produced is not as important as how many of those offspring themselves survive to reproduce

43
Q

what are the chances of survival for larger offsprings

A

Larger offspring have a greater chance of survival

44
Q

what may occur do to small offspring production

A

Producing many small offspring may result in very low survival rates

45
Q

look over

A

slide 20

46
Q

what often happens to the population when there’s new offspring

A

Populations often remain the same size regardless of the number of offspring born

47
Q

r = (b – d) + (i – e)

what does each letter represent

A 
r = rate of population increase
 b = birth rate
d = death rate
i = immigration
e = emigration
48
Q

what is biotic potential

A

When there are no limits on population growth

49
Q

what is the equation for biotic potential

A

dN = riN

dt

50
Q

dN = riN
dt
what does the letters represent

A 
N = the number of individuals in the population
dN/dt = the rate of change over time
ri = the intrinsic rate of increase for the population
51
Q

The biotic potential of any population is ____1____, even when the ______2______ remains constant

A
  1. exponential

2. rate of increase

52
Q

Carrying capacity

A

the maximum number of individuals that the environment can support

53
Q

what carrying capacity symbolized by

A

K

54
Q

what does all populations eventually reach due to shortage

A

a limit

55
Q

what does the logistic growth model apply to

A

applies to populations as they reach K

56
Q

dN/dt = rN (K – N)/K

what is this equation used to solve

A

Logistic growth model

57
Q

what do many populations exhibit (show)

A

Many populations exhibit logistic growth

58
Q

Density-dependent

A

Factors that affect the population and depend on population size

59
Q

Density-independent

A

Other factors, such as natural disasters, affect populations regardless of size

60
Q

Negative feedback:

A

Reduce population size

61
Q

Positive feedback

A

Allee effect

62
Q

Allee effect

A

Growth rates increase with population size

63
Q

Density-independent effects

A

Rate of growth of a population

External environment aspects

64
Q

(Density-independent effects)

Rate of growth of a population is limited by

A

something unrelated to the size of the population

65
Q

(Density-independent effects)

External environment aspects

A

cold winters, droughts, storms, volcanic eruptions

66
Q

Two factors that generate a cycle

A
  • Food availability
  • Predators
  • slide 29**
67
Q

C. Krebs 1992

A

set up experimental plots to determine if overharvesting of plants by hares or increase lynx population cause oscillations in populations

68
Q

what happens when resources are limited

A

the cost of reproduction is high = harder to have offspring

69
Q

what will selection favor

A

individuals that can compete and utilize resources efficiently

70
Q

K-selected populations

A

adapted to thrive when population is near its carrying capacity

71
Q

r-selected populations

A

selection favors individuals with the highest reproductive rates

72
Q

when populations are below carrying capacity

A

the resources abundant

73
Q

what happens when resources are not limited

A

Costs of reproduction are low

74
Q

where does most natural populations exist

A

along a continuum of r- and K-selected traits

75
Q

What is an example of type 1 from the survivorship curve

A

Humans

76
Q

What is an example of type 2 from the survivorship curve

A

Jellyfish

77
Q

What is an example of type 3 from the survivorship curve

A

Insects

Turtle

Bio 110 (6 decks)

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