reproduction Flashcards
Primary oocytes are first seen at what stage of development?
All are Present at birth and arrested at prophase of meiosis I
Secondary oocytes are arrested at what phase.
Metaphase of meiosis II
Seminiferous tubules are contained in _____ and are the place of formation of _____
testes; sperm
seminal vessicles produce fluid containing _____
fructose (energy for sperm), and amino acids, and prostaglandins
sperm travel via the
cas deferense
function of bulbourethral glands
First secretions in semin. produce lubrication.
what does the prostate gland produce?
fluid containing anticoagulants, enzymes and buffers (to buffer urethra that may have urine still as well as buffering the acidity of the vagina)
what provides nutrients to the developing sperm?
sertoli cells
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
Why do the cells surrounding the newly formed spermatids contain tight junctions?
to prevent immune response because if the immune system saw the haploid cells it would kill them
follicles are contained in the
ovaries
What hormone keeps the pregnancy going?
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
what produces the majority of the seminal fluid
seminal vessicles (60%) Sperm = <5%
What cells can make prostaglandins?
almost all cells in the body not just the prostate gland
where are the two seminal vesicles located?
behind blatter
True or false: Seminal vessicles make anticoagulants?
False. They make coagulants that in some animals form a “plug” in the female after ejaculation
what is a copulatory organ?
penis
What is the main component of erection
corpus cavernosus (2 of them)
what stimulates ovulation in induced ovulators?
Luteinizing hormone
how does erection occur?
Blood flow out of the penis is stopped causing the erectile spongy tissue.
the penis bone in some animal is called
baculum
what causes ejaculation
contracting of muscle cells around accessory organs of reproductive system
What hormones control the testes?
The two gonadotrophin called Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone.
What causes the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormon (GnRH)
What does LH do in the male?
stimulate leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is necessary for spermatogenesis and provides negative feed back to pituitary AND the hypothalamus
What does FSH do in the male?
Stimulates stroll cells to start spermatogenesis and to release inhibit which provides negative feed back to pituitary
what kind of feedback regulates that the male reproductive system?
Negative. Testosterone inhibits LH production when too high and removes negative feed back when too low
Follicle means
Egg + granulosa (follicular) cells
the granulosa cells produce
estrogen and progesterone
uterus has what in common with the kidney
has cortex and medulla
white scars on the ovaries that indicate age of women are called
Corpus Albacanes
how many eggs are in the ovary?
400,000 in each (800,000 total)
the granolas cells left behind in the ovary after their egg has ovulated become ____
corpus luteum
How many eggs restart meiosis when ovulation is about to occur?
13 but only one usually makes it
what stage is an egg in at the time of fertilization
metaphase of meiosis
how long does mitosis occur in spermatogenisis
never stops or it would eventually run out
when is the second polar body ejected?
after fertilization
for every spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, you get ___ sperm. for every oocyte that undergoes meiosis you get ____ oocytes
4 sperm; 1 oocyte
What triggers ovulation?
Surge in LH at day 14
What stimulates the follicle (egg+granulosa cells) to grow early in the ovarian cycle
FSH and LH
in the female cycle what inhibits the hypothalamus from producing GnRH
combination of estradiol and progesterone
in the female cycle what stimulates the hypothalamus to produce GnRH
high levels of estradiol
what inhibits the anterior pituitary in the female cycle from producing FSH and LH
low levels of estradiol
What causes LH surge in ovarian cycle?
Peak in estradiol levels which is secreted more and more by the maturing follicle (egg+granulosa cells) until the threshold required to stimulate hypothalamus is reached causing a surge of LH
after ovulation what thickens the endometrium of the uterus
progesterone and estradiol which are both secreted by the corpus lute during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle until it degenerates at the end of the cycle
Menstrual flow phase (menstrual)
Days 0-5
Proliferative phase (menstrual)
Days 5-14; endometrium begins to thicken
Secretory phase (menstrual)
Days 15-28; endometrium is getting VERY thick due to secretions from the corpus luteum
Follicular phase (ovarian)
Days 0-14 (ovulation at day 14); follicle is maturing and secreting estradiol
Luteal Phase (ovarian)
Days 14-28; corpus lute forms and secretes progesterone and estradiol which thickens endometrium and inhibits hypothalamus
