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Biology Final > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary oocytes are first seen at what stage of development?

A

All are Present at birth and arrested at prophase of meiosis I

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2
Q

Secondary oocytes are arrested at what phase.

A

Metaphase of meiosis II

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3
Q

Seminiferous tubules are contained in _____ and are the place of formation of _____

A

testes; sperm

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4
Q

seminal vessicles produce fluid containing _____

A

fructose (energy for sperm), and amino acids, and prostaglandins

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5
Q

sperm travel via the

A

cas deferense

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6
Q

function of bulbourethral glands

A

First secretions in semin. produce lubrication.

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7
Q

what does the prostate gland produce?

A

fluid containing anticoagulants, enzymes and buffers (to buffer urethra that may have urine still as well as buffering the acidity of the vagina)

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8
Q

what provides nutrients to the developing sperm?

A

sertoli cells

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9
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

seminiferous tubules

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10
Q

Why do the cells surrounding the newly formed spermatids contain tight junctions?

A

to prevent immune response because if the immune system saw the haploid cells it would kill them

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11
Q

follicles are contained in the

A

ovaries

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12
Q

What hormone keeps the pregnancy going?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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13
Q

what produces the majority of the seminal fluid

A 
seminal vessicles (60%)
Sperm = <5%
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14
Q

What cells can make prostaglandins?

A

almost all cells in the body not just the prostate gland

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15
Q

where are the two seminal vesicles located?

A

behind blatter

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16
Q

True or false: Seminal vessicles make anticoagulants?

A

False. They make coagulants that in some animals form a “plug” in the female after ejaculation

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17
Q

what is a copulatory organ?

A

penis

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18
Q

What is the main component of erection

A

corpus cavernosus (2 of them)

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19
Q

what stimulates ovulation in induced ovulators?

A

Luteinizing hormone

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20
Q

how does erection occur?

A

Blood flow out of the penis is stopped causing the erectile spongy tissue.

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21
Q

the penis bone in some animal is called

A

baculum

22
Q

what causes ejaculation

A

contracting of muscle cells around accessory organs of reproductive system

23
Q

What hormones control the testes?

A

The two gonadotrophin called Luteinizing hormone and Follicle stimulating hormone.

24
Q

What causes the anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH

A

Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormon (GnRH)

25
Q

What does LH do in the male?

A

stimulate leydig cells to produce testosterone, which is necessary for spermatogenesis and provides negative feed back to pituitary AND the hypothalamus

26
Q

What does FSH do in the male?

A

Stimulates stroll cells to start spermatogenesis and to release inhibit which provides negative feed back to pituitary

27
Q

what kind of feedback regulates that the male reproductive system?

A

Negative. Testosterone inhibits LH production when too high and removes negative feed back when too low

28
Q

Follicle means

A

Egg + granulosa (follicular) cells

29
Q

the granulosa cells produce

A

estrogen and progesterone

30
Q

uterus has what in common with the kidney

A

has cortex and medulla

31
Q

white scars on the ovaries that indicate age of women are called

A

Corpus Albacanes

32
Q

how many eggs are in the ovary?

A

400,000 in each (800,000 total)

33
Q

the granolas cells left behind in the ovary after their egg has ovulated become ____

A

corpus luteum

34
Q

How many eggs restart meiosis when ovulation is about to occur?

A

13 but only one usually makes it

35
Q

what stage is an egg in at the time of fertilization

A

metaphase of meiosis

36
Q

how long does mitosis occur in spermatogenisis

A

never stops or it would eventually run out

37
Q

when is the second polar body ejected?

A

after fertilization

38
Q

for every spermatocyte that undergoes meiosis, you get ___ sperm. for every oocyte that undergoes meiosis you get ____ oocytes

A

4 sperm; 1 oocyte

39
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

Surge in LH at day 14

40
Q

What stimulates the follicle (egg+granulosa cells) to grow early in the ovarian cycle

A

FSH and LH

41
Q

in the female cycle what inhibits the hypothalamus from producing GnRH

A

combination of estradiol and progesterone

42
Q

in the female cycle what stimulates the hypothalamus to produce GnRH

A

high levels of estradiol

43
Q

what inhibits the anterior pituitary in the female cycle from producing FSH and LH

A

low levels of estradiol

44
Q

What causes LH surge in ovarian cycle?

A

Peak in estradiol levels which is secreted more and more by the maturing follicle (egg+granulosa cells) until the threshold required to stimulate hypothalamus is reached causing a surge of LH

45
Q

after ovulation what thickens the endometrium of the uterus

A

progesterone and estradiol which are both secreted by the corpus lute during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle until it degenerates at the end of the cycle

46
Q

Menstrual flow phase (menstrual)

A

Days 0-5

47
Q

Proliferative phase (menstrual)

A

Days 5-14; endometrium begins to thicken

48
Q

Secretory phase (menstrual)

A

Days 15-28; endometrium is getting VERY thick due to secretions from the corpus luteum

49
Q

Follicular phase (ovarian)

A

Days 0-14 (ovulation at day 14); follicle is maturing and secreting estradiol

50
Q

Luteal Phase (ovarian)

A

Days 14-28; corpus lute forms and secretes progesterone and estradiol which thickens endometrium and inhibits hypothalamus

Biology Final (2 decks)

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