Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards
What animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea?
Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes.
What animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of NH3?
Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes.
What animals animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of Uric Acid
Many reptiles, birds, insects, land snails.
What sea creatures have to osmoregulate?
All freshwater creatures and some saltwater creatures
List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of water needed.
Uric Acid, Urine, NH3
List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of energy needed.
NH3, Urine, Uric Acid
in what form is nitrogen removed during digestive processes
Ammonia (NH3)
Why is ammonia so toxic to animals?
Because it’s ion, ammonium (NH4), disrupts Oxidative Phosphorylation.
Insects and other Terrestrial Arthropods use _______ for osmoregulation and excretion.
Malpighian Tubules
Annelids use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.
Metanephridia
Platyhelminthes use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.
Protonephridia (excretion only)
Why don’t animals excrete ammonia directly?
Interferes with processes like oxidative phosphorylation
how is ammonia removed from the body if it is so toxic?
it is either converted into a more tolerable substance or is highly diluted
What animals excrete ammonia directly?
only animals that have access to large amounts of water are able to do this because it must be highly diluted
ammonia can be converted into ____
Urea and Uric Acid
Describe urea
low toxicity, requires less water than ammonia.
Describe uric acid
less toxic than urea and requires no water to be excreted
What is the function of the renal artery
supply blood to kidneys
What is the function of the renal vein
drains blood from kidneys
What is the function of ureter
transports urine to the bladder
What is the function of urinary bladder
stores urine
What is the function of urether
drains urine from bladder
What is a nephron
functional unit of the kidney
what hormone is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Renin
What forces fluid into the nephron at the bowman’s capsule inside the glomerulus?
blood pressure
The descending loop of henry is permeable to what?
ONLY H2O
Where is Na actively pumped out of the nephron and into the interstitial fluid?
Proximal tubule, thick segment of ascending look of henle, distal tubule, and the collecting duct as it passes through the outer medulla.
Where is the only place that NaCl is excreted passively.
thin segment of ascending loop of henle as Cl- with Na+ following
HCO3 is removed from the nephron passively in the ________ and actively in the ________.
Proximal tubule, distal tubule
the ascending loop of henle is permeable to what?
Salts only
when something is moved into the nephron it is being ____
excreted
when something is moved out of the nephron it is being ___
absorbed
ADH stimulates _____
Retention of water by the kidneys by increasing permeability in the distal tubules and collecting ducts
Blood osmolarity is homeostatic at ______
300 mOsm/L
Mutations that decrease the effectiveness of ADH cause ____
diabetes insipidus
What are aquaporin channels
formed when ADH stimulates permeability and cause the membrane of a cell to become more water-permeable.
What produces angiotensinogen?
Liver
What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?
ACE
What does aldosterone (produced by the adrenal glands) do?
increases blood volume by increasing reabsorption of Na and H2O in the distal tubules
