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Biology Final > Osmoregulation and Excretion > Flashcards

Osmoregulation and Excretion Flashcards

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1
Q

What animals excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of urea?

A

Mammals, most amphibians, sharks, some bony fishes.

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2
Q

What animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of NH3?

A

Most aquatic animals, including most bony fishes.

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3
Q

What animals animals excrete nitrogenous wast in the form of Uric Acid

A

Many reptiles, birds, insects, land snails.

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4
Q

What sea creatures have to osmoregulate?

A

All freshwater creatures and some saltwater creatures

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5
Q

List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of water needed.

A

Uric Acid, Urine, NH3

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6
Q

List the types nitrogenous waste in order from least to greatest based on the amount of energy needed.

A

NH3, Urine, Uric Acid

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7
Q

in what form is nitrogen removed during digestive processes

A

Ammonia (NH3)

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8
Q

Why is ammonia so toxic to animals?

A

Because it’s ion, ammonium (NH4), disrupts Oxidative Phosphorylation.

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9
Q

Insects and other Terrestrial Arthropods use _______ for osmoregulation and excretion.

A

Malpighian Tubules

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10
Q

Annelids use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.

A

Metanephridia

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11
Q

Platyhelminthes use _______ for removal of nitrogenous waste and excretion.

A

Protonephridia (excretion only)

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12
Q

Why don’t animals excrete ammonia directly?

A

Interferes with processes like oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

how is ammonia removed from the body if it is so toxic?

A

it is either converted into a more tolerable substance or is highly diluted

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14
Q

What animals excrete ammonia directly?

A

only animals that have access to large amounts of water are able to do this because it must be highly diluted

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15
Q

ammonia can be converted into ____

A

Urea and Uric Acid

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16
Q

Describe urea

A

low toxicity, requires less water than ammonia.

17
Q

Describe uric acid

A

less toxic than urea and requires no water to be excreted

18
Q

What is the function of the renal artery

A

supply blood to kidneys

19
Q

What is the function of the renal vein

A

drains blood from kidneys

20
Q

What is the function of ureter

A

transports urine to the bladder

21
Q

What is the function of urinary bladder

A

stores urine

22
Q

What is the function of urether

A

drains urine from bladder

23
Q

What is a nephron

A

functional unit of the kidney

24
Q

what hormone is produced by the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

Renin

25
Q

What forces fluid into the nephron at the bowman’s capsule inside the glomerulus?

A

blood pressure

26
Q

The descending loop of henry is permeable to what?

A

ONLY H2O

27
Q

Where is Na actively pumped out of the nephron and into the interstitial fluid?

A

Proximal tubule, thick segment of ascending look of henle, distal tubule, and the collecting duct as it passes through the outer medulla.

28
Q

Where is the only place that NaCl is excreted passively.

A

thin segment of ascending loop of henle as Cl- with Na+ following

29
Q

HCO3 is removed from the nephron passively in the ________ and actively in the ________.

A

Proximal tubule, distal tubule

30
Q

the ascending loop of henle is permeable to what?

A

Salts only

31
Q

when something is moved into the nephron it is being ____

A

excreted

32
Q

when something is moved out of the nephron it is being ___

A

absorbed

33
Q

ADH stimulates _____

A

Retention of water by the kidneys by increasing permeability in the distal tubules and collecting ducts

34
Q

Blood osmolarity is homeostatic at ______

A

300 mOsm/L

35
Q

Mutations that decrease the effectiveness of ADH cause ____

A

diabetes insipidus

36
Q

What are aquaporin channels

A

formed when ADH stimulates permeability and cause the membrane of a cell to become more water-permeable.

37
Q

What produces angiotensinogen?

A

Liver

38
Q

What converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II?

A

ACE

39
Q

What does aldosterone (produced by the adrenal glands) do?

A

increases blood volume by increasing reabsorption of Na and H2O in the distal tubules

Biology Final (2 decks)

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