Reproduction

Question 1

Functions of Male Reproduction Anatomy (3)

Answer 1

1. production of sperm
2. delivery into female reproductive tract
3. 1/2 genetic offspring

Question 2

function of testes

Answer 2

site of sperm production and testosterone production

Question 3

how many days does it take for sperm to fully mature

Answer 3

9-25 days

Question 4

function of the scrotum

Answer 4

thermoregulation

*testes need to be 4-5 degrees lower than body temp

Question 5

function of the vas deferens

Answer 5

connects epididymis to the accessory sex glands

Question 6

function of the epididymis

Answer 6

long tube that is responsible for transport

Question 7

function of the sex glands

Answer 7

nutrients
buffers
contribute to volume of semen

Question 8

function of the sigmoid flexure and retractor penis muscle

Answer 8

1. sigmoid flexor: straightens and erects penis

2. retractor penis muscle: holds penis inside animal

Question 9

function of the urethra

Answer 9

urine excretion

Question 10

function of penis

Answer 10

copulatory organ

Question 11

function of sheath

Answer 11

skin protecting penis

Question 12

functions of the female reproductive anatomy (6)

Answer 12

1. produce egg
2. transport semen
3. provide site for fertilization
4. gestation
5. parturition
6. estrous cycling (start over)

Question 13

what is the vulva

Answer 13

external opening for reproduction

Question 14

what is the vagina

Answer 14

copulatory organ

site of semen deposition in ewes, cows, deer, and humans

Question 15

function of cervix

Answer 15

1. isolate uterus from external environment
2. passage of sperm
3. cervical plug during pregnancy
4. deposit site of semen for mares and sows

Question 16

function of the uterus

Answer 16

fetal development
transport sperm
site of implantation

Question 17

Difference between duplex, simple, and bicornuate uteruses and the species they pertain to

Answer 17

1. Duplex: has 2 cervixes and 2 uterine bodies-rabbits
2. simple: one cervix and one uterine body-humans
3. bicornuate: one cervix and 2 uterine bodies-cows, sheep, pigs

Question 18

function of the oviduct (4)

Answer 18

site of fertilization
egg collection
maintain embryo
transport to uterus

Question 19

function of the ovary

Answer 19

production of oocyte 
produce hormones
1. estrogen
2. progesterone 
3. oxytocin
4. relaxin

Question 20

what type of hormones are estrogen and progesterone

Answer 20

steroid hormones

Question 21

what type of hormones are oxytocin and relaxin

Answer 21

protein hormones

Question 22

what is puberty

Answer 22

age of sexual maturity

age of which estrus with ovulation occurs

Question 23

what are some factors that affect the onset of puberty

Answer 23

1. environment
2. nutrition
3. stress
4. genetics
5. social impacts

Question 24

Define Estrous cycle

Answer 24

period of time from 1 heat to the next

Question 25

what is the follicular phase

Answer 25

when the female expresses heat
Part 1: Estrus- signs of heat
--standing heat
--discharge from vulva
--vocalization

Part 2: Ovulation- follicle ruptures and releases egg after estrus cycle

Question 26

What is the luteal phase

Answer 26

1. second phase of estrus

Corpus Luteum
–after ovulation the corpus luteum is formed and produces progesterone

Question 27

CIDR

Answer 27

insert into the reproductive tract to release progesterone to suppress heat

Question 28

name and define the 3 types of cyles

Answer 28

1. Seasonally Polyestrus
   -come into heat certain times of the year (mares)
2. Polyestrus
   -throughout the year they have a continuous estrous cycle
   (cow, queen, pig)
3. Monoestrus
   -one estrus cycle a year (dog, wolf, fox, bear)

Question 29

Role of estrogen and where is it produced

Answer 29

produced in the ovary

-stimulates follicle growth, helps in signs of standing estrus

Question 30

role of progesterone and where is it produced

Answer 30

produced in the corpus luteum

-blocks GnRH so the female can maintain pregnancy

Question 31

role of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and where is it produced

Answer 31

produced in the pituitary gland

- stimulates follicle growth

Question 32

role of LH (lutenizing hormone)

Answer 32

produced in the pituitary gland

- growth of CL and promotes ovulation of follicle

Question 33

role of Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GnRH)

Answer 33

produced in the hypothalamus

- stimulates the release of FSH and LH

Question 34

role of PGF2a (Prostaglandin F2a)

Answer 34

produced in the uterus

-destroys the CL

Question 35

define anestrus

Answer 35

time period when the cycle does not occur

• right after birth
• stress
• when pregnant
• pre puberty

Question 36

what is formed when the egg and sperm meet

Answer 36

a zygote

Question 37

define implantation

Answer 37

attachment of the embryo to the endometrium

union is called placenta

Question 38

what does the placenta produce during pregnancy

Answer 38

progesterone

Question 39

what are the four different types of placentas

Answer 39

1. diffused
2. cotyledonary
3. discoid
4. zonary

Question 40

What are the differences between the 4 placentas

1. diffused
2. cotyledonary
3. discoid
4. zonary

Answer 40

1. Diffused (mares and sows)
   - chorionic villi providing nutrients to fetus
2. cotyledonary
   - ruminants
   - cotyledons: button like structures that delivers blood and nutrients to fetus
3. discoid
   - humans, rodents, primates
   - regional discs over uterus
4. Zonary
   - dogs, cats
   - central zone of concentration on placenta

Question 41

what is the umbilical cord

Answer 41

delivers directly to the fetus

Question 42

what are the 3 stages of parturition

Answer 42

1. dilation of cervix and contractions
2. fetus exits uterus
3. placenta has to be delivered

Question 43

what are some problems contributing to dystocia

Answer 43

1. position of fetus
2. size of fetus
3. stress
4. birth defects
5. multiple births
6. retained placenta