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ANSC exam 3 (last part before final) > Lactation > Flashcards

Lactation Flashcards

1
Q

what is the mammary gland

A

milk secreting structure

  1. teat
  2. duct system
  3. lobes
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2
Q

what is the udder

A

complex organ made up of a series of systems

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3
Q

what are the different systems in the udder

A

supportive system
secretory system
duct system
blood, lymph and nerve systems

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4
Q

describe the udder of a cow

A
  1. two separate halves
  2. 4 separate mammary glands
  3. it is an exocrine gland
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5
Q

When is the greatest growth of the udder and when does the growing stop

A
  1. greatest growth between 1st and 2nd lactation

2. stops growing after 5 years of age

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6
Q

describe 4 things about the mammary gland

A
  1. specialized skin glands
  2. produce colostrum
  3. present in males and females
  4. number and appearance differs among species
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7
Q

what are the 2 parts of the mammary gland support system and describe them

A
  1. Lateral Suspensory Ligament (LSL)
    - extends along both sides of udder to midline
    - connects to MSL
  2. Medial Suspensory Ligament ( MSL)
    - provides most support and elasticity
    - creates 2 distinct halves between left and right
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8
Q

in what species do two glands drain to 1 teat

A

sows (10-14 teats)
mares (2 teats)
queens (10 teats)
bitches (8-12 teats)

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9
Q

what is a function of a teat besides excretion of milk

A

main barrier against infection

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10
Q

how many glands per teat in cows and ewes

A

1 gland per teat

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11
Q

what are the 6 parts of a mammary gland

A
  1. streak canal
  2. teat cistern
  3. gland cistern
  4. duct system
  5. lobule
  6. alveoli
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12
Q

what is the streak canal

A

first part of the teat

  1. milk passes before expulsion
  2. keratin plug will form to prevent entrance of bacteria
  3. surrounded by teat sphincter muscle to prevent leaking
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13
Q

what is the teat cistern

A
  1. storage of milk prior to suckling or milking

2. holds 100-400 mL of milk

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14
Q

what is the gland cistern

A

common pooling area for milk from duct system

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15
Q

what is the duct system

A
  1. TRANSPORTS milk from lobule to gland cistern
  2. consists of 1st and 2nd degree ducts
  3. non secretory
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16
Q

what is the lobule

A

each lobule contains 150 to 220 alveoli

This is the place where milk is actually produces

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17
Q

what are alveoli and what are their 3 functions

A

they are the producers of milk

functions

  1. remove nutrients
  2. transform into milk
  3. discharges into duct system
18
Q

What makes up the alveolus

A
  1. lumen: opening of alveolus that collects milk
  2. epithelial cells: secreting cells of alveolus
  3. duct: transports milk from the alveolus to the gland cistern
  4. myoepithelium: muscle cells that contract in response to oxytocin
  5. arterioles and venuoles: provide blood flow
    - brings substrates for milk production
19
Q

how many liters of blood must flow to the udder to make 1 liter of milk

A

500L

20
Q

describe mammary gland before birth

A

very immature gland
duct system is initiated
non functional teats present

21
Q

describe mammary gland at birth

A

glands and teats are present
streak canal
teat and gland cistern
rudimentary collecting ducts

22
Q

describe mammary gland from birth to puberty

A
  1. immature gland grows in size and function
  2. grow at similar rate to rest of body
  3. growth initiated by growth hormones release from pituitary gland
23
Q

describe mammary gland from puberty to pregnancy

A
  1. glands grow with each additional estrous cycle
  2. sex hormones (progesterone and estrogen) produces by ovary simulate growth
  3. growth is more rapid than the rest of the body
24
Q

mammary gland during pregnacy

A
  1. progesterone produced by placenta stimulates lobular development
  2. preparation for nursing by young
25
Q

mammary gland during lactation

A
  1. high levels of prolactin secreted by pituitary gland time of birth
  2. lobules grow substantially
  3. prolactin initiates and maintains milk secretion by mammary gland
26
Q

mammary gland during involution

A
  1. at end of lactation or weaning the gland returns to normal state and size
27
Q

what is colostrum

A
  1. first milk produced
  2. provide extra nutrients and immune fuction
    - fat
    - proteins
    - nonfat solids
    - immunoglobins
28
Q

what is passive immune transfer with relation to colostrum

A
  1. immune system develops after birth
  2. contains immunoglobins or other antibodies
  3. inadequate intake increases sickness and death
29
Q

absorption of colostrum

A
  1. only 24 hours after birth
  2. gut starts to close not allowing proteins to be absorbed
    * requires about 5% of body weight in colostrum
30
Q

in the production of milk, what are the screening components of blood and what is synthesized in cellular metabolism

A
  1. screen components
    - water
    - vitamins
    - minerals
  2. synthesis of cellular metabolism
    - lactose
    - proteins
    - fat
31
Q

what hormone is released for milk let down

A

oxytocin (stimulates myoepithelial cells of alveolus

32
Q

how long does it take for the gland to be refilled with milk

A

6 hours

33
Q

what are the main components of milk

A

carbs
proteins
lipids
calcium

34
Q

describe Milk Carbs

A
  1. lactose primary sugar
  2. synthesized by epithelial cells of alveoli
  3. glucose and galactose (disaccharide)
  4. broken down in small intestine by enzyme lactase
35
Q

describe milk proteins

A
  1. casein primary protein
    - 80% of milk protein
  2. milk serum proteins (larger than casein)
    - 18% proteins-whey
  3. provide high levels of amino acids to consumers
36
Q

describe casein

A
  1. primary milk protein
  2. synthesized by epithelial cells of alveoli
  3. found in the form of casein micelles
  4. negatively charged
  5. pulls calcium of of the blood
  6. essential for cheese making process
37
Q

describe milk lipids

A
  1. % varies by species
  2. triglycerides make up more than 90% of solids
    - source of fatty acids
38
Q

what percent of milk lipids do dairy cows and seals have

A
  1. cows milk consists of 3.5%

2. seals 50%

39
Q

describe milk fat

A
  1. fat content of milk influenced by diet
  2. high fiber diets-more acetate- increase milk fat %
  3. milk fat % receives lower emphasis than milk production
  4. cows are fed to maintain adequate milk fat (3.5%)
40
Q

minerals in milk

A

excellent source of calcium

estrogen important for protecting bone matrix

41
Q

one problem with high producing cows

A

more calcium pulled from blood can mean milk fever

ANSC exam 3 (last part before final) (3 decks)

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