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Animal Behavior > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

costs of sexual reproduction

A

r = 1/2
gamate production is expensive
compeition for mates

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2
Q

benefits of sexual reproduction

A

variation in genes (recombination)
faster evolution
Muller’s Rachet

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3
Q

Muller’s Rachet

A

individuals will accumulate mutations (if sexual, it’ll they’ll be weeded out)

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4
Q

Red Queen Hypothesis

A

arm’s race - predatory, prey, parasite (need to change to beat other species)

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5
Q

dioecious

A

two distinct sexes

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6
Q

anisogamy

A

sperm and eggs are different sizes

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7
Q

isogamy

A

egg and sperm are the same size (fungi, plants)

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8
Q

limitations to reproductive success

A

males (access to females - quantity)

females (physiology, egg production and gestation - quality)

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9
Q

primary sex ratio

A

sex ratio at conception (males usually higher)

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10
Q

secondary sex ratio

A

sex ratio at birth/hatching (usually 1:1)

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11
Q

operational sex ratio

A

ratio of reproductively active males to females

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12
Q

Fisher’s Theory

A

sex ratio you produce influences the # of grandchildren - want to produce the rarer sex

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13
Q

deviations from Fisher’s Theory

A

haplodiploidy (expect 3:1 bc of indirect fitness)
Local Mate Competition (lots of sibling mating/incest - wasps produce females unless rarer sex is male)
Local Resource Competition (dispersal/nest helpers)
Trivers-Willard Hypothesis (maternal condition influences the reproductive success of offspring)

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14
Q

maternal condition influences the reproductive success of offspring

A

Trivers-Willard Hypothesis

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15
Q

Getting Sex Ratios

A

timing of conception (strong mate at the beginning of a season, weak mate later)
condition (hormones)
primary sex ratio (if a mom is strong, males won’t die and the ratio will be male biased)

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16
Q

Sexual Selection

A

process by which individuals vary in their reproductive success due to variability in their ability to secure a mate

17
Q

intersexual (epigamic) selection

A

one sex chooses the other

18
Q

non-genetic resources

A 
intersexual (epigamic) selection
nuptial gifts (courtship feeding)
resource monopolization (can only get access to breeding site or food resource if with a certain male)
parental care (courtship feeding/nest materials)
19
Q

genetic benefits

A

intersexual (epigamic) selection
good genes hypothesis (sexy son)
secondary sexual characteristics (females choose based on visual characteristics)

20
Q

Runaway Selection

A

FISHER (SSC - intersexual)

snowball effect - coevolution of female preference and male trait (stops when costs>benefits)

21
Q

Handicap Hypothesis

A

ZAHAVI (SSC - intersexual)
SSC’s are costly to produce, may make you more vulnerable
if a male can survive with them, they must have overall quality

22
Q

Hamilton-Zuk

A

SSC’s all about parasite resistance (intersexual)

show no sign of parasites - high resistance and good genes

23
Q

Fluctuating Asymmetry

A

SSC’s - intersexual

symmetry shows no stress or ability to overcome it

24
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

one sex competes for access to the other

25
Q

Before Mating: Intrasexual Selection

A

Male to male competition

Sexual Dimorphism

26
Q

male to male competition

A

fighting - winner gets female (strength, size, testosterone, weapons)

27
Q

After Mating: Intrasexual Selection

A

1st Male (prevent others from mating)
mate guarding, copulatory plug, antiaphrodisiacs
2nd Male
structure to remove prior sperm,
hypodesmic insemination (injection), sperm ejection, sperm volume

28
Q

high sperm competition

A

large penis and testes

29
Q

male to male aggression

A

small penis and testes

30
Q

After Conception: Intrasexual Selection

A

infanticide

Bruce Effect

31
Q

Bruce Effect

A

female abort offspring

32
Q

Parental Investment

A

investment by a parent in offspring that increases the offspring’s survival and reproduction while reducing the parent’s ability to invest in more offspring

Animal Behavior (11 decks)

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