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Biology 101 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

Learn how Female and Male reproductive cycle works.

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1
Q

Bio 121

When do sex organs begin to develop in human embryos?

A

7th week sexual organs begin to develop

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2
Q

Bio 121

Describe the function of each part.

Testis

Epididymis

Vas Deferens

Urethra

(Cowpers Gland Prostate Gland Seminal Vesicle)

(Fill in the Blank Provided)

A

T: Made of seminiferous tubules which are where sperm are made by meiosis

E: Stores Sperm

V: Take sperm from epididymis to urethra

U: Takes urine & semen out of body

CG/PG/SV: Make fluid part of semen that nourishes sperm

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3
Q

Bio 121

Female:

Ovaries

Fallopian tubes

Uterus

Cervix

A

Ovaries – where eggs are made by meiosis

Fallopian tubes – carry egg to uterus

Uterus – will support & nourish developing embryo

Cervix – Supports fetus

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4
Q

Bio 121

What are testes made out of?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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5
Q

Bio 121

Why are the testes outside of the body cavity?

A

Colder temp. is better for sperm production

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6
Q

Bio 121

What 3 glands contribute to the fluid part of semen?

A

Bulbourethral gland, prostate, & seminal vesicle

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7
Q

Bio 121

How many primary follicles are females born with & what stage of meiosis are they frozen in?

A

400 000 are stalled in prophase 1

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8
Q

Bio 121

Prostate Gland

Seminal Vesicles

Bulbourethral Glands

A

Produces a whitish fluid that nourishes the sperm (Lots of Zinc to protect DNA in sperm)

Produces a yellowish fluid that protects the sperm from the acidic conditions of the vagina Also lots of fructose to provide sperm with energy

Produce a fluid that makes it easier for sperm to swim

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9
Q

Bio 121

What happens during menopause?

A

In mid - forties, estrogen levels drop and menstrual cycle stops.

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10
Q

Bio 121

What ar e the 4 phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal, Menstrual

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11
Q

Bio 121

FOLLICULAR PHASE

A

Low estrogen levels cause Hypothalamus to release GnRH

GnRH causes Pituitary to release LH & FSH

LH & FSH cause several follicles (~20) to start maturing (only one will fully mature & be released at ovulation)

Follicle – A primary Oocyte + surrounding cells called Granulosa cells & Theca Cells

LH causes Theca cells to secrete Androgens

Granulosa Cells of developing primary follicle turn Androgens into Estrogen

Estrogen causes lining of uterus to thicken (in case it needs to support embryo)

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12
Q

Bio 121

OVULATION

A

(About 14 days after start of Menstration)

Low levels of estrogen inhibit pituitary from releasing FSH & LH

At a certain point, however, HIGH levels of estrogen cause pituitary to release high levels of LH & FSH (Mostly LH)

A surge in LH causes the selected primary follicle to rupture and it is released into the nearby fallopian tube

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13
Q

Bio 121

LUTEAL PHASE

A

Leftover cells of follicle (Corpus Luteum) keep releasing estrogen & start releasing Progestrone

Progesterone causes blood supply & surrounding tissue to form around the lining of uterus

Progesterone & Estrogen stop pituitary from releasing FSH & LH to prevent other follicles from developing.

1st two days of Luteal Phase are greatest chance for egg to be fertilized

If egg is fertilized, it releases a hormone (HCG) that gets corpus luteum to continue releasing progestrone & estrogen

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14
Q

Bio 121

What kind of cells are found in a follicle?

A

The Primary Oocyte is surrounded by Granulosa cells which are surrounded by Theca Cells

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15
Q

Bio 121

What is the Corpus Luteum & what hormones does it release & when does it release these hormones.

A

After the ovum (egg) is released the granulosa cells and theca cells remain in the ovary become the corpous luteum which releases estrogen & progesterone

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16
Q

Bio 121

What hormone does the hypothalamus in females respond to & what hormone does it release?

A

GnRH is released when low levels of estrogen

17
Q

Bio 121

What hormones c ause the lining of the uterus to thicken & where do these hormones come from?

A

Progesterone & Estrogen come from the corpous luteum.

18
Q

Bio 121

Where does the hormone come from the causes the corpus luteum to stick around if there is fertilization?

A

The embryo

19
Q

Bio 121

How many days does the menstrual cycle last?

A

28 Days

20
Q

Bio 121

When does ovulation occur?

A

Day 14

21
Q

Bio 121

When can fertilization occur?

A

First 2 days after ovulation during the luteal phase

22
Q

Bio 121

Where does fertilization occur?

A

Fallopian tubes

23
Q

Bio 121

What causes menstruation to occur?

A

Drop in Progesterone & Estrogen when corpus luteum dissolves

24
Q

Bio 121

On average, how long does menstruation last?

A

4 - 7 days

25
Q

Bio 121

HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

HYPOTHALAMUS

A

Releases GnRH (when there’s low levels of testosterone) Stops releasing GnRH with high levels of testosterone

26
Q

Bio 121

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

A

Releases LH & FSH (when it receives GnRH from Hypothalamus) GnRH causes A. Pituitary to secrete LH & FSH LH causes cells surrounding seminiferous tubules (Ledig Cells) to secrete testosterone Testoste rone & FSH cause cells inside se miniferous tubules to make sperm When sperm are made Inhibin is released Inhibin & Testosterone STOP the hypothalamus from releasing GnRH

27
Q

Bio 121

Cells called _ _ nourish sperm cells as they develop

A

Sertoli Cells

28
Q

Bio 121

Where does testosterone come from in males?

A

Interstitial Cells

29
Q

Bio 121

Where does Inhibin come from & when is it released?

A

Seminiferous Tubules during sperm production

30
Q

Bio 121

Wh at 2 hormones shut down spermatogenesis?

A

Inhibin & Testosterone

31
Q

Bio 121

What 2 structures respond to Inhibin & how do these structures respond to this hormone?

A

Anterior Pituitary & Hypothalamus reduce the their secretions of GnRH, FSH, and LH

32
Q

Bio 121

What’s a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg cell

33
Q

Bio 121

Why can only 1 sperm fertilize an egg?

A

Granules in outer layer of egg cell are released & their contents create a protective coating around the egg.

Biology 101 (4 decks)

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