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Biology 101 > Mei/Mitosis > Flashcards

Mei/Mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the long threads of DNA inside the nucleus called?

A

Chromosomes

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2
Q

What is all of the material located inside the nucleus called?

A

Chromatin

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have in a body cell?

A

46

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4
Q

What process do body cells use to reproduce?

A

Mitosis

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5
Q

What are the names of the phases of mitosis?

A

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

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6
Q

Where do spindle fibers originate from?

A

Centrioles

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7
Q

What phase does the cell do what it’s made for?

A

Interphase

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8
Q

During what phase does a cell replicate its DNA?

A

Interphase (S phase)

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9
Q

What are spindle fibers used for?

A

Guide wires for chromosomes

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10
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

When DNA replicates the chromosome is now made up of 2 sister chromatids

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11
Q

Where are sister chromatids attached?

A

Centromere

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12
Q

During what phase does the nucleus dissolve?

A

Prophase

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13
Q

During what phase are the chromosomes at the middle of the cell?

A

Metaphase

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14
Q

During what phase does the nucleus reappear?

A

Telophase

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15
Q

During what phase do chromosomes move to opposite poles of t he cell?

A

Anaphase

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16
Q

What is a sex cell?

A

Sperm & Egg (haploid)

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17
Q

What are the phases of interphase & what happens in each phase?

A

G1 (Cell grows & does what it does); S (DNA is duplicated); G2 (Cell continues to grow & prepares for mitosis)

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18
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

Body Cells (diploid): all cells except sex cells

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19
Q

What does malignant mean?

A

A tumor spreads

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20
Q

What does benign mean?

A

A tumor that doesn’t spread

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21
Q

What are things that cause cancer called?

A

Carcinogens

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22
Q

What does metastasize mean?

A

Spreading of cancer cells

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23
Q

What is a tumor?

A

A mass of abnormal cells that grow and divide uncontrollably

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24
Q

What does p53 protein do and what is the name of the gene that encodes for p53 protein called?

A

P53 protein checks DNA for mutations. The gene that encodes for the protein is the p53 gene.

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25
Q

What happens if the p53 gene is damaged in a cell and how can this lead to cancer?

A

There is no p53 protein, therefore it cannot check the DNA of the cell for mutations. If there is a mutation in a cell, it continues to divide when it sho uldn’t

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26
Q

How does a cancer cell differ from a normal cell ?

A

They can reproduce in isolation

they can move

they do not stick together

they don’t specialize

they serve no function

more dense chromatin

more nucleus & less cytoplasm

sometimes multiple nuclei or nucleoli

oddly shaped

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27
Q

Name 6 factors that can lead to cancer.

A

Age

Diet

Chemicals

Radiation

Electricity (DNA is negatively charged, so negative charge of electricity can effect DNA during DNA synthesis causing mutations)

Viruses (eg: cervica l cancer is caused by a virus)

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28
Q

Explain how somatic cell nuclear transfer works to clone animals.

A

A diploid somatic (body) cell is taken from an animal you want to clone and is brought close to an enucleated egg cell from another individual. Then zap with electricity causing the 2 cells to fuse. Now the 2N nucleus of the animal you want to clone is inside the dono r’s egg cell. The egg cell thinks it’s been fertilized and since it is now diploid begins to divide as normal. Take the developing embryo in pl ace it in the uterus of a surrogate mother. Wait until birth.

29
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex cells (egg & sperm)

30
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Full # of chromosomes (46 in humans)

31
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

½ # of chromosomes (23 in humans)

32
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

They carry genes that control the same traits

33
Q

List 3 things that homologous chromosomes have in common.

A

Size, shape, & gene arrangement

34
Q

Why do we use sexual reproduction?

A

To diversify the gene pool (to create as many different individuals as possible in case of environmental change…some will be likely to survive)

35
Q

Name each stage of meiosis.

A

Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I, Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II

36
Q

What is synapsis and during what phase does it happen?

A

The process by which homologous chromosomes to create tetrads …homologous chromosomes line up)

37
Q

What are tetrads and during what phase do they form?

A

They are made of 2 homologous chromosomes. They form during prophase I.

38
Q

What is crossing over and during what phase does it happen?

A

The exchange of DNA…happens during synapsis during prophase

39
Q

What is segregation and during what phase does it take place?

A

When homologous chromosomes go to opposite poles of the cell during anaphase I

40
Q

When do sister chr omatids break apart?

A

During Anaphase II

41
Q

What is the end result of meiosis?

A

4 different haploid cells

42
Q

What is the formation of gametes called?

A

Gametogenesis

43
Q

What is the formation of sperm called?

A

spermatogenesis

44
Q

What is the process that makes egg cells called ?

A

oogenesis

45
Q

What are spermatogonia?

A

They are the cells that undergo meiosis to produce sperm cells

46
Q

What are oogonia?

A

They undergo meiosis to produce egg cells

47
Q

What are polar bodies?

A

They are the cells that receive the small amount of cytoplasm wit h each cell division during oogenesis (they get absorbed by the body)

48
Q

What are the differences between spermatogenesis & oogenesis?

A

Only 1 functional egg cell is formed, egg cells have a lot of cytoplasm, females are born with 400 000 egg cells, only 400 egg cells develop throughout life, meiosis is stalled during prophase I & finishes up once a month after puberty (only fully completes meiosis if fertilized)

49
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

A picture of a person’s chromosomes lined up

50
Q

What are the sex chromosomes an d which ones do males and females have?

A

The X chromosome and the Y chromosomes. Males have XY and females have XX

51
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

If homologous chromosomes do not separate properly during meiosis.

52
Q

What is trisomy and give 1 example.

A

When an ind ividual ends up with an extra chromosome in all of their cells..Trisomy 21 (Down’s Syndrome)

53
Q

What is monosomy and give 1 example.

A

When an individual ends up with 1 less chromosome in all of their cells.

Turner’ Syndrome

54
Q

What sex chromosomes does a person with Klinefelter’s have?

A

XXY

55
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

The formation of gametes (sex cells)

56
Q

How many sperm do men make per day?

A

1 billion

57
Q

How many functional gametes are made during meiosis in spermatogenesis?

A

4

58
Q

How many primary oocytes are females born with and what stage of meiosis are these cells frozen in?

A

Female is born with 400 000 primary oocytesm that are stuck in prophase I of meiosis

59
Q

When does meiosis I complete in oogenesis?

A

Once a month after ovulation

60
Q

What stage of meiosis does meiosis get stuck in as an oocyte makes its way down the fallopian tube?

A

Metaphase 2

61
Q

How many functional gametes are made with one meiotic division?

A

1 for oogenesis

62
Q

What are polar bodies and how many are made duri ng oogenesis?

A

Non-functional cells made during oogenesis. 3 are made

63
Q

Explain oogenesis and the cells involved.

A

Females born with 400 000 eggs

Meiosis pauses in Prophase I

After puberty, once a month meiosis I finishes

As egg cell goes down fallopian tube, it freezes in Metaphase II

Only if an egg cell gets fertilized does it fully complete meiosis.

Only 1 functional gamete made, other 3 are called “Polar Bodies

64
Q

What is nondisjunction and when can it happen?

A

When 2 homologous chromosomes do NOT separate during ANAPHASE I or ANAPHASE II

Some daughter cells end up with 1 more or 1 less chromosome than they should have

65
Q

What is trisomy ?

A

Occurs when a person has 3 of the same chromosome, instead of just a pair

66
Q

What is monosomy?

A

Monosomy – occurs when a person has only 1 member of a homologous pair

67
Q

What are autosomes?

A

All of the chromosomes that are NOT sex chro mosomes

(Chromosome pairs #1 - #22)

68
Q

What is a karyotype? (#2.)

A

A picture of a cell’s chromosomes lined up in homologous pairs

Biology 101 (4 decks)

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