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Embryo > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

sonic hedgehog gene

A

produced at base of limbs in zone of ploarizing activity. Involved in patterning along anterior posterior axis. Invovled in CNS development; mutation can cause holoprosencephaly.

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2
Q

Wnt-7 gene

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge (thickened ectoderm t distal end of each developing limb). Necessary for proper organization along dorsal-ventral axis

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3
Q

FGF gene

A

produced at apical ectodermal ridge. Stimulates mitosis of underlying mesoderm, providing for lengthening of limbs.

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4
Q

Homeobox (hox) genes

A

involved in segmental organization of embryo in a craniocaudal direction. Hox mutations–> appendages in wrong locations

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5
Q

Early fetal development less than a week

A 
day 1: fetilization by sperm, forming zygote, initiating embryogenesis
day 2: zygote
day 3: morula
day 5: blastocyst
Day 7-10: implantation
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6
Q

within a week of implantation

A

hcg secretion begins around the time of implantation of blastocyst by the synctiotrophoblast at 8 weeks the placenta takes over

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7
Q

within week 2

A 
bilaminar disk (epiblast, hypoblast)
2 weeks = 2 layers
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8
Q

within week 3

A

trilaminar disc 3 layers
-gastrulation
primitive streak, notochord, mesoderm and its organization, neural plate begins to form.

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9
Q

weeks 3-8

A

neural tube formed by neuroectoderm and closes by week 4

  • organogenesis
  • extremely susecptible to teratogens
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10
Q

week 4

A

heart begins to beat!

4 weeks 4 limbs

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11
Q

week 6

A

fetal cardiac activity visible by transvaginal ultrasound

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12
Q

week 10

A

genitalia have male/female characteristics

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13
Q

mesoderm

A

muscle, bone (note the bones of skull), connective tissues, serous lining of body cavities (peritoneum), spleen (derived from foregut mesentery)
cardiovascular structures, lymphatics, blood, wall of gut tube, vagina, kidneys, adrenal cortex (the medulla is neural crest), dermis, testes, ovaries

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14
Q

The notochord induces overyling ectoderm to become neuroectoderm which then forms neural plate

A

the neural plate becomes the neural tube and neural crest cells
the notochord becomes the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc in adults

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15
Q

mesodermal defects VACTERL

A 
Vertebral defects
anal atresia
cardiac defects
trancho-esophageal fistula
renal defects
limb defects (bone and muscle)
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16
Q

Endoderm

A

gut tube epithelium, including anal canal ABOVE the pectinate line
-most of urethra (derived from urogential sinus), luminal epithelial derivatives (lung, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, eustatchian tube, thymus, parathyroid, thyroid follicular cells)
recall the pharyngeal pouches are derived from the endoderm!

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17
Q

Ectoderm

A

surface ectoderm
neuroectoderm CNS
neural crest cells PNS and nearby structures

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18
Q

surface ectoderm

A
  • adenohypophysis (anterior pit, from rathke pouch)
  • lens of eye, epithelial linings of oral cavity, sensory organs of ear, olfactor epithelium, epidermis, anal canal BELOW the pectinate line, parotid, sweat, and mammary glands
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19
Q

neuroectoderm

A

brain (neurohypophysis post pit, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependedymal cells, pineal gland)

  • retina and optic nerve
  • spinal chord
20
Q

neural crest

A

PNS (dorsal root ganglia, CN, celiac ganglion, schwann cells, ANS)

  • melanocytes
  • chrommaffin cells of adrenal medulla
  • parafollicular C cells of thyroid
  • pia
  • archnoid
  • bones of skull
  • odontoblasts
  • aorticpulmonary septum
21
Q

agenesis

A

absent organ due to absent primordial tissue

22
Q

aplasia

A

absent organ despite presence of primordial tissue

23
Q

hypoplasia

A

incomplete organ development; primordial tissue present

24
Q

dizygotic twins

A

will have two separate sperm

-2 separate amniotic sacs, placentas (chorions)

25
Q

monozygotic twins

A

split early:
separate placenta and dichorionic and diaminiotic
or fused placenta but still dichorionic and diaminiotic

a lil later:
monochorionic
one placenta
diamniotic

even later
monochorionic, once placenta and one aminiotic sac

super late
monochorionic monoamniotic conjoined twins =(

26
Q

placental development

A

fetal
cytotrophoblast -inner layer of chorionic villi
synctioblast- out layer of chorinoic villi, secretes hcG

mommy:
decidua basalis: derived from the endometrium, maternal blood in lacunae

27
Q

Umbilical chord: 2 arteries and 1 vein

derived from allantois

A

arteries return deoxygenated blood from the fetal internal iliac arteries to the placenta

the veins supply oxygenated blood from the placenta and drain into the IVC from the liver or shunted via the ductus venosus

28
Q

urachus a duct between the fetal bladder and yolk sac

A

in the 3rd week the yolk sac forms the allantois which extends into the urogenital sinus
-allantois becomes the urachus a duct between the fetal bladder and yolk sac

29
Q

Vitelline duct connects the yolk sac to the midgut lumen

A

7th week obliteration of vitelline duct (omphalo-mesenteric duct)

30
Q

Patent urachus

A

-urine discharges from the umbilicus

31
Q

urachal cyst

A

-partial failure of urachus to obliterate, fluid filled cavity lined with uroepithelium, between umbilicus and bladder, –can lead to infection and adenocarcinoma

32
Q

vesicourachal diverticulum

A

outpouching of bladder due to failure of urachus to obliterate

33
Q

vitelline fistula

A

failure of vitelline duct to close

-meconium discharge from umbilicus

34
Q

meckel diverticulum

A
  • partial closure of the vitelline duct, with patent portion attached to ileum (true diverticulum)
  • may have ectopic gastic mucosa and or pancreatic tissue –> melena, periumbilical pain and ulcers
35
Q

male

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome produces testis determining factor, testis develop

  • in the testis the sertoli cells secrete mullerian inhibitory factor MIF that supresseds development of the female paramesonephric ducts
  • leydig cells in the testis secrete androgens that stimulate the development of mesonephric ducts
36
Q

mesonephric (wolffian duct)

A

develop into MALE INTERNAL structures except the prostate!!

-seminal vessicles, epididymis, ejaculatory duct, ductus deferens

37
Q

paramesonephric (mullerian) duct

A

develops into female internal structures:

fallopian tubes, uterus, and UPPER portion of vagina

38
Q

urogential sinus

A

lower portion of vagina ( greater vestibular glands or batholin and urethral and paraurethral glands of skene)

males:
prostate and bulbourethral glands of cowper

39
Q

bicornuate uterus

A

results from INCOMPLETE fusion of paramesonephric ducts
can lead to recurrent miscariages

a complete failure would result in double uterus and vagina!

40
Q

urogenital folds

A

females: labia minora
males: ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

41
Q

labia scrotal swelling

A

female: labia major
male: scrotum

42
Q

genital tubercle

A

femals: glans clitoris
males: glans penis

females: vestibular bulbs
males: corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

43
Q

Congenital penile abnormalities:

hypospadias

A
  • abnormal opening of penile urethra on INFERIOR (ventral) side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close
  • more common than epispadias
  • fix it to prevent UTI
  • hypo is below
44
Q

Congenital penile abnormalities:

epispadias

A

abnormal opening of penile urethra on SUPERIOR (dorsal) side of penis due to faulty positioning the genital tubercle

Exstrophy of the bladder is associated with Epispadias.

When you have Epispadias you hit your Eye when you pEE

45
Q

Descent of testes and ovaries:

Gubernaculum (band of fibrous tissues)

A

male remnant: anchors testes within scrotum

female: ovarian ligament + round ligament of uterus

46
Q 
Descent of testes and ovaries:
processus vaginalis (evagination of peritoneum)
A

male: form the tunica vaginalis
female: obliterated

47
Q

In early life the testes are located in the peritoneal cavity, descend into the scrotum, during descent they accompanied by the invagination of peritoneum the processus vaginalis. Which then becomes the tunica vaginalis its remnant. If it does not form a remnant?

A

failure of obliteration leads to persistent connection between the scrotum and the peritoneal cavity though the inguinal canal

  • when the opening is small fluid can leak in
  • if the opening gets larger –> indirect inguinal hernia
  • a bulge on the groin that increases during straining is the typical presentation

Embryo (6 decks)

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