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Bio 171 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Forms of asexual reproduction

A

Budding

Gemmulation

Parthenogenesis

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1
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

Result of mitosis

No fusion of gametes

Clonal

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2
Q

What is budding?

A

An unequal division of organism

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3
Q

Examples of organisms that use budding

A

Hydras (relative of jellyfish) and sponges

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4
Q

What is gemmulation?

A

Formation of a new individual from an aggregation of cells

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5
Q

Gemmulation - what is a gemmule?

A

A resistant capsule surrounding a new individual

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6
Q

What is an example of creature that uses gemmulation?

A

Freshwater sponges

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7
Q

What is parthenogenesis?

A

A type of asexual reproduction the involves the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg. Does not use sperm.

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8
Q

What is Ameiotic parthenogenesis

A

Creates a DIPLOID egg through mitosis. NOT haploid.

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9
Q

What is meiotic parthenogenesis?

A

Haploid eggs are formed by meiosis. Two eggs are combined together to make diploid. Sperm may be used but is not necessary.

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10
Q

What is thylotoky?

A

Production of haploid females

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11
Q

What is arrhenotoky?

A

Production of haploid males

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12
Q

What are the benefits of asexual reproduction?

A

No need for mate

High reproductive potential

Simple

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13
Q

Cons of a mate

A

Mate can have bad genes

Finding mate takes time and energy and makes more vulnerable to predators

All offspring are fertile even if isolated

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14
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction

A

Involves meiosis

Includes fusion

Produces unique offspring

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15
Q

Advantages of sexual production

A

Introduce new genes

More frequent mutations

Avoid death of all offspring

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16
Q

What is haplodiploidy?

A

When an organism alternates between sexual and asexual reproduction

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17
Q

Advantages of being haplodiploidy

A

Best of both systems (asexual and sexual)

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18
Q

What insect can be born prego?

A

Aphids

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19
Q

Aphids use what type of reproduction?

A

Haplodiploidy

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20
Q

Describe spring for aphids

A

Low population density, making it hard to find mates thus use asexual reproduction

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21
Q

Why do aphids remain asexual in the summer?

A

They are thriving, why risk changing genes with a mate?

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22
Q

Describe fall for aphids

A

Sexually reproduce due to uncertainty in resistance to the harsh winter conditions. This creates a diverse genetic population so at least some will survive

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23
Q

What are the primary sex organs?

A

Testes and ovaries

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24
Q

What does it mean to be a dioecious species?

A

Refers to how many sexes are in a population, di meaning two. Male and female .

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25
Q

What does it mean to be monoecious?

A

One sex for the species. Individuals are hermaphrodites

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26
Q

Urogenital system

A

The close association between urinary and reproductive systems

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27
Q

Mesonephros

A

Kidney; of adult lampreys, fishes, and amphibians

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28
Q

In fish and amphibians, testes are adjacent to…

A

Kidneys

29
Q

Mesonephric duct

A

Carries urine to bladder

Carries sperm from testes

30
Q

Metanephros

A

Kidney in reptiles birds and mammals

31
Q

Morph-

A

Shape, form

32
Q

Nephr-

A

Kidney

33
Q

Meso-

A

Kidney

34
Q

Metanephric duct carries..

A

Urine to bladder (also called bad deferens)

35
Q

What is a cloaca?

A

Part of female reproductive system, a common chamber into which the intestinal, reproductive and urinary canals empty

36
Q

What do placental animals lack?

A

A full cloaca, with separate anus

37
Q

This releases eggs into body cavity

A

Ovaries

38
Q

Eggs are captured by..

A

The Ostium (catchers MIT) of oviduct

39
Q

Oviducts expand into this in live earring species

A

Uterus

40
Q

Many invertebrates are dioecious or monoecious?

A

Dioecious

41
Q

Aedeagus

A

Penis of insect

42
Q

(Insects) ovaries are divided into..

A

Ovarioles

43
Q

How many ovarioles per ovary does a termite queen have?

A

2400

44
Q

Oviducts are split into two categories

A

Lateral and common

45
Q

Spermatheca

A

Stores sperm for life so only one mating is needed to fertilize all eggs

46
Q

Accessory glands

A

Forms egg pods or gelatinous masses

Poison glands of bees and wasps

47
Q

Ovipositor

A

Places eggs into environment

48
Q

This is a human cycle controlled by hormones

A

Ovarian cycle

49
Q

The hypothalamus produces this in human females

A

Gonadotropic releasing hormone (GRH)

50
Q

Anterior pituitary gland produces…

A

Gonadotropins

51
Q

What are the Gonadotropins?

A 
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Lutenizing hormone (LH)
52
Q

Ovaries produce two hormones

A

Estrogen

Progesterone

53
Q

Horomone that says maybe were prego

A

Estrogen

54
Q

Time to get prego now!

A

Progesterone

55
Q

Placenta produces..

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

56
Q

Hormone says we are prego!

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin

57
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin maintains..

A

Corpus Luteum

58
Q

What happens during the ovarian cycle?

A

Ovulation
Thickening of uterine lining
Menstruation
Maintenance of pregnancy

59
Q

Feedback mechanisms

A

Estrogen and progesterone inhibit formation of LH and FSH

60
Q

Menopause happens when..

A

Sensitivity of ovaries to FSH is lost

62
Q

Same hormones that males have the same as females

A

GRH
FSH
LH

63
Q

What is spermatogenisis?

A

Process of making sperm

64
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

maintains spermatogensis

maintains secondary sexual characteristics

65
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

in the interstitial cells of testes

66
Q

What is a eustral cycle?

A

Females display mating behavior only at specific times of the season

67
Q

What does monestrous mean?

A

in heat once a year

68
Q

Polyestrous

A

in heat several times a year

69
Q

Copulation triggers what?

A

The release of LH and ovulation

70
Q

Timing of eustral cycle is determined by what 3 environmental factors?

A

day length
food availability
water level

Bio 171 (3 decks)

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