Reproduction Flashcards
Where are sperm produced in males?
Testes
Domestic animals have what kind of cycle when it comes to reproduction?
Estrous cycle
Where are eggs found in females and what is another name for them?
Another name for eggs is OVA and they are located in the female’s ovaries.
What is the definition of fertilization?
When one sperm penetrates an egg
what is a fertilized egg called?
zygote or embryo
what are the part of the female anatomy?
Vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus, oviduct, and ovary
what does the ovary contain?
the ovary contains thousands of growing follicle, each containing an ovum or “egg”
what do follicles do in response to gonadotropins?
Follicles either die (atretic) or ovulate and release their egg
what is ovulation?
ovulation is when the follicle ruptures and the egg is released.
where does fertilization occur?
sperm fertilizes the egg in the oviduct, which means conception has occured
what is the corpus luteum (CL)
CL’s orm from the tissue that remains after a follicle has ovulated
what is the primary product of the corpus luteum?
progesterone
what is the corpus albicans?
the corpus albicans is the scar tissue left behind after the corpus luteum dies or regresses. it is avascular and functional and will look like a white blister.
what is the function of the fimbria?
the fimbria (lacy edge of the infundibulum) picks up ovulated eggs
where does fertilization and early embryonic development take place in most animals?
take place in the ovidcut
what is the difference between an embryo and a fetus?
a fertilized egg is called an embryo while it is free floating, and will travel to the uterus and implant which at this point is called a fetus
what is the role of the uterus?
it is a moscular organ responsible for hoisung the fetus(es) and will release the hormone that regresses the CL.
what is the function of the cervix?
the cervix is a thick, muscular organ at the base of the fetus that keeps bacteria from entering the uterus. it is highly closed during pregnancy
what is the function of the vagina?
the vagina is part of the birth canal and the site of semen deposition in most animals
what is the vulva?
is the external female genitalia, the outer portion of the vagina, involved with recognition of receptivity (ready for the male to enter)
what are the parts of the male anatomy?
Testicle, epidydmis, vas deferens, secondary sex glands, uretrha (inside penis) and sheath
why do developing sperm need a “cool” temperature?
body temperature is too hot for developing sperm
what is the function of the scrotum?
the scrotum surrounds the testes. the testicles hang low in hot weather to keep developing sperm cooler and are pulled close to the body in cold weather to keep developing sperm warm enough
what do testicles produce?
the testicles produce spermatozoa (sperm) and testosterone and other androgens
what is the purpose of castration?
most animals are castrated to prevent adult male behavior from developing
what is spermatogenesis?
is the making of sperm, a continuous process where new group of sperm cells begins to develop every 3-7 days in the testicles, taking 8-7 weeks to complete.
what is the function of the epididymis?
it is specialized for maturation and storage of spermatozoa
what is the function of the vas deferens?
the vas deferens is a moscular tube that provides a passageway for sperm from the epidydimis to the urethra during ejaculation
what is semen?
semen is fluids plus sperm
what is the function of the penis?
the penis is specialized that deposit semen in the female reproductive tract
what is the function of the sheath?
the sheath is a specialized pouch in which the penis remains when not in use
how do hormones work?
hormones are secreted into the bloodstream and the “target tissue” has the receptor for the hormone. the receptor is like a “docking station” for the hormone, causing a response in the cell
what are the three groups of reproductive hormone?
the three groups of reproductive hormones are gonadotropins, sex steroids, prostaglandins, and mammotropins
what are gonadropins?
they stimulate the ovary
what is the function of the follicles stimulation hormone (FSH)
FSH stimulated all stages of follicle growth, specially early periods
what is the function of estrogen?
estrogen stimulates ovulatory surge of gonadotropins, prepares the female for breeding and later for parturition, and is responsible for female mating behaviors
what is the function of the luteinizing hormone (LH)?
LH stimulates final growth of follicles, causes ovulation and stimulates corpus luteum formation
what is the function of progesterone?
it is responsible for the maintenance of pregnancy and inhibits gonadotropin secretion
what is the function of prostaglandin F2alpha?
it is responsible for luteal regression and causes uterine contractions at birth
what is the function of prolactin?
it stimulated the synthesis of milk inside the mammary gland
what is the fucntion of oxytocin?
stimulates milk excretion during lactation and stimulates uterine contractions at parturition
what are the stages of the reproductive cycle after puberty?
estrous cycle, breeding, pregnancy, parturition, and lactation
what is puberty?
it is the age at which an animal is capable of adult reproductive function
what is the estrous cycle?
it is a repeatable sequence of events that results in the female becoming sexually receptive
what happens during estrous?
estrogen is high (from the mature follicle) and progesterone is low. high estrogen causes preovulatory surge of gonadotropins
what happens after the LH surge?
after the LH surge, ovulation occurs follicles releases eggs estrogen decreases, and CL form from the ruptured follicle
what occurs if the female is not pregnant?
if the female is not pregnant, prostaglandin is released from the non-pregnant uterus, caused the CL to be destroyed. Blood progesterone then decreases, causing LH and FSH to increase, follicles grow and blood estrogen increases from the mature follicles.
how does estrogen affect the estrous cycle?
during pregnancy, the embryo sends a signal to the pregnant female so that prostaglandins are not released from the uterus and progesterone is maintained because there aren’t any prostaglandins to rupture the CL.
How can pregnancy be detected?
pregnancy can be detected via ultrasound (probe inserted into the rectum) or rectal palpation ( vet “feeling” the reproductive tract with their hand through the wall of the rectum)
what initiated parturition?
the fetus initiates it, prostaglandins are released, and progesterone decreases
what causes prolactin and oxytocin release?
physical stimulation of the nipple during nursing causes prolactin and oxytocin release
what are the ways that male livestock can breed?
male livestock can breed through natural breeding or artificial insemination
what is artificial insemination (AI)?
is when semen is collected form the male for insemination of the female.
