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ANS 151 > Animal Health > Flashcards

Animal Health Flashcards

1
Q

What is mortality?

A

death in % of total animals

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2
Q

what is morbidity?

A

sickness in % of total animals

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3
Q

what does prevention of animal sickness include?

A

nutrition and genetics, sanitation, overall management, records and facilities, and veterinary program (medications, vaccinations, and physical exams.)

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4
Q

what does treatment of sick animals involve?

A

treatment of sick animals involves isolation and proper medication (where appropriate)

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5
Q

what are some ways of providing for animals?

A

shelter (can be natural for some), ensuring no sudden changes in feed (to avoid digestive upsets), and providing regular exercise (important for physical and mental health of pets and horses)

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6
Q

What are some other ways of providing for animals relating to their health?

A

deworm if recommended by a vet, and vaccinate for common diseases.

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7
Q

what is an infectious disease caused by?

A

caused by pathogenic organisms

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8
Q

what does pathogenic mean?

A

it can cause a disease. Path or patho= disease, genic or genesis= cause or create

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9
Q

where do pathogenic disease organisms come from?

A

from the environment or another animal

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10
Q

hoe dies active immunity work?

A

the animal’s immune system responds to foreign disease organisms (virus etc) and produces antibodies to fight the foreign substance.

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11
Q

what is an antigen?

A

the foreign substance is an example of an “antigen” that triggers antibody production

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12
Q

what do antibodies do?

A

antibodies in the bloodstream bind to antigens, and many antibodies bind to one antigen. this clumps antigens together, and the clumps are eaten by micrphages

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13
Q

what happens during the first exposure to an antigen?

A

during the first exposure, the immune response takes time, and the animal gets sick if it is the intact disease organism. the animal has to create the memory “factory cells” to make the antibodies to fight the disease.

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14
Q

what happens during subsequent exposures to an antigen?

A

The animal’s immune system cells “remember” the antigen if they have seen them before, so the production of antibodies can be re-activated quickly. the animal may not show signs of sickness at all while its immune system fights the disease.

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15
Q

what is a leukocyte?

A

the technical term for a white blood cell

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16
Q

what are the white blood cells?

A

there are three types of white blood cells: monocytes (can become a macrophage), lymphocytes ( B cells, T cells)

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17
Q

what are the two main types of lymphocytes and where do they come from?

A

B cells and T cells, and they come from stem cells in bone marrow, B cells in bone marrow, and the t cells mature in the thymus

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18
Q

what is the role of B cells?

A

produce antibodies that are used to attack invading bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens

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19
Q

what is the role of T cells?

A

in the thymus, they will multiply and differentiate into helper, regulatory, or cytotoxic T cells or become memory T cells

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20
Q

what are cytokines?

A

an antigen that will cause helper T cells to secrete chemical messengers called cytokines, which stimulate the differentiation of B cells into plasma cells (antibody-prodcuing cells)

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21
Q

what is the role of regulatory T cells?

A

act to control immune reactions

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22
Q

what is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

destory the body’s own cells that have themselves been taken over by viruses or become cancerous

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23
Q

what is immunity?

A

the animal has been exposed to the antigen, and the animals immune system has developed antibodies for this disease. the antibodies are specific for each disease

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24
Q

how does exposure to the antigen occur?

A

exposure to the antigen can be by disease or vaccination

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25
how do vaccinations work?q
vaccination tricks the animal's immune system into making antibodies without the animal getting sick. the animal's immune system responds to the harmless antigen in the vaccine and produces antibodies
26
what are the types of vaccines?
Killed vaccines, modified live (attenuated) vaccine, and new mRNA vaccines
27
what are some important notes about vaccines?
they only prevent infectious disease (those that can be spread). some vaccinations are not safe for pregnant animals, read the label, the animal must have a functioning immune system in order for vaccine to work (newborns don't) and vaccines do not cause the disease
28
what is "titer"?
the antibody levels in the blood . antibody levels increase in response to the vaccines, then trail off over time
29
is the immunity immediate after vaccination?
no becuase it takes time for the antibodies to build up. it takes 3 weeks to a month before the animal is immune to the disease
30
how often should animals be vaccinated?
twice the first time the animal is exposed to the animal, 3 weeks apart. vaccinate annually to keep antibody titer high, though some vaccinations last longer
31
how are vaccines usually given?
vaccines are usually given IM or SQ. IM is intramoscular (into the muscle) and SQ is subcutaneous ( fold in the skins)
32
how are SQ vaccines typically injected on livestock and horses?
make a tent of neck skin and inject under skin, not into the muscle
32
where are IM vaccines typically injected on livestock and horses?
into the neck
33
are vaccines given intravenously?
no
34
are all vaccines injections?
no , intranasal (which is not an injection) Is available for some vaccines.
35
what do antibiotics do?
they are chemicals given to the animal, but they only fight bacteria, they have not effect against viruses or parasites
36
what should animals be vaccinated for?
ask your vet
37
waht should people who work with livestock or horses be vaccinated for?
tetanus and rabies
38
why is tetanus so dangerous?
it is serious and often fatal
39
how does tetanus develop?
tetanus bacteria are normally present in the GI tract of animals, where they do no harm. The tetanus bacteria form a spore that is passed o the soil from manure. If the spore (which forms new bacteria) gets into puncture wounds the bacteria produce a toxin that causes the problem
40
how long do tetanus spores live in soil?
for years and years
41
should people be vaccinated for tetanus?
yes, the human vaccine is good for 10 years,
42
what kind of animals can rabies affect?
all mammals
43
is there a cure for rabies?
no
44
who can administer the rabies vaccine?
vet only
45
is rabies transmissible to humans?
yes, this means that it is a zoonotic disease that we are concerned about
46
what is MRSA?
Methicilin (antibiotic) resistant to staph aureus
47
what is a zoonotic disease?
a disease that can pass from animals to human
48
can vaccination prevent animals from getting rabies?
yes, vaccinations can prevent animals from rabies
49
how do vaccines (prevention ) work?
vaccines stimulates body to make antibodies
50
what does exposure treatment to rabies or tetanus involve for un-vaccinated people?
post exposure involves immunoglobin injection followed by a sequence of vaccinations over time. this must be done very soon after exposure and it is expensive
51
how does passive immunity work?
the animal didn't make the antibodies, so it was not active immunity. the animal received the antibodies from the colostrum
52
why is passive immunity important for newborns?
the dam's antibodies do not pass into fetal blood for livestock and horses, so the fetus has no antibodies in its bloodstream. when the animal is born, it still has no antibodies to fight off diseases, and its immune system is also not developed at birth, therefore the newborn cannot make its own antibodies to fight off diseases.
53
how do newborn animals survive without antibodies?
colostrum from first milk produced by the dam on the first day
54
why is colostrum important?
it is a good source of nutrients and antibodies
55
how are antibodies from colostrum absorbed?
they are absorbed from the newborn animal's small intestine into its bloodstream. the antibodies pass through large holes in the small intestine and into the bloodsteream
56
how long can newborns absorb antibodies?
the holes in the small intestine close within about 12 hours after birth. beyond that the newborn cant't absorb any longer.
57
what happens if newborn livestock gets no colostrum?
it is healthy until is gets exposed to a disease. then it usually dies, often from a simple disease such as diarrhea or a respiratory infection
58
can colostrum be stored?
it can be frozen for later use. collecting little from each dam, can combine with different dams, and keep it frozen. when its ready to be used, thaw it slowly as heat can kill it.
59
what kind of disease does colostrum protect against?
only to the diseases the dam was exposed to
60
is passive immunity permanent?
no, it is only temporary protection. later the animal can make its own antibodies after its immune system has matured and its functional
61
what else can be done to protect animals from disease?
minimize transmission possibilities
62
what is biosecurity?
protects animals when we visit the farms
63
how else can animals get disease?
through vectors such as a mosquito
64
what is a vector?
what carries the disease organisms to you or animals
65
what is a reservoir?
is an animal that can host the disease organism
66
give an example of a reservoir.
bird for west nile virus, which can be passes to humans by moquitoes
67
what are some ways to minimize disease transmission?
keeping barns clean as possible and store manure away from the animals. minimize transmission through vaccination and biosecurity
68
how can you know what your animal died from?
it can be taken to one of our state's disease diagnostic labs
69
what is necropsy?
systematic approach to investigating dead animals to determine cause of death (or other problems they may have had)
70
what are some careers in animal health?
vet (8 years in college), certified vet tech (2 years of college plus training), pharmaceutical sales, marketing ( B.S degree) and research (vaccines etc) (masters degree)

ANS 151 (3 decks)

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