REPRODUCTION

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

offspring by a single parent, inherits dna from one parent, requires less energy than sexual reproduction

Question 2

Types of asexual reproduction

Answer 2

binary fission, spore forming, budding, fragmentation with generation

Question 3

Production of gametes and fertilization occuring in the life cycle of the organism

Answer 3

Sexual reproduction

Question 4

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 4

same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

Question 5

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have

Answer 5

23, 22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosome

Question 6

how many chromosomes do humans have

Answer 6

46 (23 pairs*2)

Question 7

all cells in the body except gametes

Answer 7

somatic cells

Question 8

genetic variation from sexual reproduction

Answer 8

1. independent assortment of chromosomes
2. random fertilization
3. crossing over

Question 9

Asexual reproduction in which egg develops without being fertilized

Answer 9

parthogenesis

Question 10

Development of sexually produced organisms

Answer 10

1. gametogenesis
2. fertilization
3. cleavage
4. gastrulation
5. organogenesis
6. growth
7. senescence

Question 11

gametogenesis in males and females

Answer 11

1. spermatogenesis
2. oogenesis

Question 12

union of sperm and egg cell that form a zygote

Answer 12

fertilization

Question 13

contains enzyme that help the sperm penetrate an egg

Answer 13

acrosome or acrosome cap

Question 14

from unicellular zygote to multicellular blastula

Answer 14

cleavage

Question 15

hollow ball of cells what what is the cell called in each of it

Answer 15

blastula, blastomeres

Question 16

creation of 3 germ layers from blastula

Answer 16

gastrulation, 3 germ layers are called gastrula

Question 17

3 germ layers

Answer 17

1. ectoderm (skin)
2. endoderm (stomach)
3. mesoderm (blood)

Question 18

organ formation via organizing centers

Answer 18

organogenesis

Question 19

groups of cells that control the fates of other cells

Answer 19

organizing centers

Question 20

growth

Answer 20

pregnancy (human averages 266 days, 38 weeks or 40 weeks from the start of the last menstrual cycle)

Question 21

how are twins formed

Answer 21

fraternal (dizygotic)
identical (monozygotic)

Question 22

death of organism

Answer 22

senescence

Question 23

production of genetically identical copy or clone of an organism or a gene

Answer 23

cloning

Question 24

do clones occur naturally?

Answer 24

yes, asexual reproduction

Question 25

types of artificial cloning

Answer 25

1. gene cloning 2. reproductive cloning 3. therapeutic cloning

Question 26

production of multiple copies of a single gene

Answer 26

DNA and gene cloning

Question 27

produce a genetically identical copy of the donor individual/organism ## Footnote example, Dolly the sheep

Answer 27

reproductive cloning ## Footnote with Dolly, the process was a nuclear transfer involving an enucleated embryo and a differentiated cell nucleus

Question 28

clone genetically matched cells and tissues for transplantation into patients

Answer 28

therapeutic cloning

Question 29

what is ART?

Answer 29

assisted reproductive technology

Question 30

Types of ART

Answer 30

1. ovulation induction 2. artificial insemination (AI) 3. Donor conception 4. In vitro fertilization (IVF) 5. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) 6. preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)

Question 31

involves taking a hormone medication that stimulates the production of FSH

Answer 31

ovulation induction

Question 32

insertion of male's semen through the female's cervix and into the uterus at or just before the time of ovulation

Answer 32

artificial insemination (AI)

Question 33

same process with AI but from donor individuals

Answer 33

donor conception

Question 34

mixing of oocytes and sperm in culture dishes ## Footnote Fertilized eggs are incubated until they have formed at least eight cells and are then typically transferred to the woman’s uterus for implantation

Answer 34

invitro fertilization (IVF)

Question 35

same as IVF but involves the direct injection of a single sperm into each egg

Answer 35

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 36

embryos are generated via IVF or ICSI and then or two cells are removed from the embryo and are screened for a genetic condition

Answer 36

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)