CELLS

Question 1

Basic unit of life

Answer 1

Cell

Question 2

Characteristics of cells (there are 4)

Answer 2

1. Surrounded by a plasma membrane
2. Have a semi-fluid substance within the membrane called cytosol
3. Contains chromosomes that have genes in the form of dna
4. Have ribosomes, tiny organelles that make proteins using the instructions contained in genes

Question 3

Series of growth and development steps a cell undergoes

Answer 3

Cell Cycle

Question 4

Stages of cell cyle

Answer 4

1. Interphase (G1, S, G2 phase), cell grows and makes a copy of its DNA
2. Mitotic phase (cell division)

G1 - Cell grows
S (Synthesis) - synthesizes DNA
G2 - grows some more before dividing

Question 5

Mitosis in animal cells

Answer 5

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Mitosis involves one division, diploid parent cell (2n), 2 diploid daughter cells identical to parent cells

Question 6

Meiosis in animal cells

Answer 6

Prophase 1/2, metaphase 1/2, anaphase 1/2, telophase 1/2

Meiosis involves the production of gametes, 2 cell divisions, diploid parent cell, 4 haploid daughter cells, crossing over and synapsis offer variation

Question 7

Cell cycle control/regulation

Answer 7

DNA is checked to make sure in has replicated correctly, chemical signals tell a cell when to start and stop dividing, neighboring cells communicate to regulate their growth

Question 8

regulation checkpoints

Answer 8

G1, S (stops cell with damaged dna), M (stops cells when chromosomes are not attached to spindles)

Question 9

programmed cell death

Answer 9

apoptosis

Question 10

what happens to dead cells when scavenger cells (macrophages) engulf them

Answer 10

phagocytosis

Question 11

Cells that do not follow signals in the cell cycle and divide excessively which invades other tissues

Answer 11

Cancer cells

Question 12

cancer-causing genes

Answer 12

oncogenes

(onco = tumor)

Question 13

normal versions of cellular genes

Answer 13

proto-oncogenes

Question 14

Benign vs Malignant tumor

Answer 14

B: few genetic or cellular changes
M: genetic or cellular changes enough to spread to other tissues

Question 15

These cells reproduce itself indefinitely and replenish their own population and generate new cells. It also differentiates into specialized cells

Answer 15

Stem cells of animals

Question 16

Types of stem cells and describe

Answer 16

1. Embryonic stem cell - pluripotent (all cell types)
2. Adult stem cell - multipotent (not all cell types)
3. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) - AS -> ES

Question 17

Applications of stem cells

Answer 17

1. supply cells for repair of damaged organs (bone marrow transplants)

Question 18

Cloning of embryos for medical application

Answer 18

stem cell therapy