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Animal Nutrition 324 > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are the effects of nutrition on reproduction?

A
  • Reproduction significantly increases an animal’s nutritional requirements, as the body needs additional energy and nutrients to support the processes involved in gestation, lactation, and offspring development
  • the nutritional status of an animal can influence its reproductive capabilities.
  • The age at which animals reach puberty depends on their growth rate, with faster growth leading to earlier puberty.
  • This process is influenced by the level of nutrition, as animals on a higher plane of nutrition can achieve puberty at an earlier age compared to those with lower nutritional intake.
  • Both pre- and post-natal nutrition play crucial roles in shaping the reproductive health of offspring.
  • The age at which cattle reach puberty depends on their growth rate, which is influenced by their level of nutrition.
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2
Q

How does plane of feeding determine when sheep reach puberty and participate in next breeding season ?

A
  • Ewe lambs receiving a higher plane of feeding will experience a faster growth rate and achieve puberty early in the upcoming breeding season.
  • Ewe lambs with moderate plane of feeding will experience delayed puberty in the upcoming breeding season.
  • Poorly fed ewe lambs will only reach puberty in the following breeding season.
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3
Q

What are the effects of inseminating animals at a younger age ?

A

it increases the complexity of managing their nutritional requirements, as it involves balancing the needs of both the growing dam and the developing fetus(es) during gestation.
- Proper nutrition management is essential to ensure optimal growth and development of both the dam and the offspring

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4
Q

What are the advantages of breeding animals earlier in their lifecycle?

A
  • breeding earlier helps in maximizing productivity and efficiency within the herd
  • reduce the non-productive phase
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5
Q

What are the risks associated with pushing growth rates too high?

A
  • it leads to over-conditioning / excessive fat accumulation
  • this reduces reproductive efficiency
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6
Q

What are the unique aspects of reproduction

A
  • Usually not the sole production process taking place
  • Nutrient requirement changes as pregnancy progresses
  • follows an “All or nothing” pattern which has severe consequences to success of farm
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7
Q

Reproductive capabilities described in two ways:

A
  1. Fertility – whether or not an animal conceives
  2. Fecundity – litter size
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8
Q

Reproductive capabilities are dictated by

A

ovulation rate

  • Cow – 1 ovum
  • Sheep – 1 to 3 ova
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9
Q

Define flush feeding diet in sheep

A
  • Used in sheep 4 – 6 weeks before the breeding season to
    1. increase BCS
    2.increase ovulation
    3.improving fertility and fecundity
  • ewes are transferred from a low plane of nutrition to a higher plane of nutrition
    -This transition helps to boost the ewes’ fat reserves and overall body condition.
  • after mating, reduce the nutritional plane back to maintenance levels to support optimal pregnancy outcomes
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10
Q

Define BCS (Body condition score)

A
  • it is the degree of fatness
  • used to assess overall body composition of animals
  • Scale is 1 – 5
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11
Q

How should fertility be managed in high-producing dairy cows, considering their nutritional needs ?

A
  • To maintain the profitability of the dairy farm, cows need to conceive within 2 to 3 months after calving
  • this ensures a timely calving interval, which is essential for maintaining milk production efficiency .
    -However, achieving successful reconception in high-producing dairy cows can be challenging.
  • so it’s recommended to inseminate dairy cows when they are in a positive energy balance, ideally when they are gaining weight.
  • High plane of nutrition after calving is crucial to meet nutrient requirements for high level of milk
    production
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12
Q

Why is reproduction / reconception in dairy cows a challenge ?

A
  • There is a conflicting nutritional demand of lactation and conception .
  • High milk production increases energy demands, often leading to negative energy balance, where the cow used more energy producing milk than it consumes through feed.
  • negative energy balance will impair reproductive function , making it difficult for the cow to conceive
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13
Q

Is a maintenance ration sufficient to maintain the nutrient requirements of spermatozoa?

A

Yes, because reproductive requirements are almost insignificant compared to maintenance requirements.

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14
Q

Are there any reproductive benefits for feeding male animals more feed than female animals of the same weight?

A
  • There is no reliable evidence to support that a higher plane of feeding is beneficial for male fertility.
  • However, underfeeding has been shown to have a negative effect on male fertility.
  • Recommendation: Provide adequate nutrition for at least 2 months before the breeding season to ensure optimal male fertility.
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15
Q

What are the effects of phosphorus on fertility

A
  • Deficiency common in grazing ruminants
  • restricts metabolic process , reducing feed intake , which affects reproduction
  • suppresses oestrus cycle
  • decreases fertility
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16
Q

What are the effects of protein on fertility

A
  • Deficiency of protein reduces food intake, which negatively impacts reproductive performance.
  • Supplementation of RUP increases ovulation rate
  • Excessive RDP raises blood ammonia levels , which reduces embryo survival
17
Q

What are the effects of starch on fertility

A
  • high starch diets increases plasma insulin levels , which helps them get back into heat sooner postpartum.
  • Low starch diet is required to ensure oocyst quality and
    blastocyst development
  • before service : Provide high starch diets to increase plasma insulin and prompt early oestrus.
  • after service :Switch to low starch diets to ensure quality oocyte and blastocyst development.
  • this will Increase conception rate
18
Q

How do you increase conception rate?

A
  • before service : Provide high starch diets to increase plasma insulin and prompt early oestrus.
  • after service :Switch to low starch diets to ensure quality oocyte and blastocyst development.

In practice, it is not that easy to apply: Animals are fed for high milk yield, if starch in diet is
decreased, it will lead to a lower milk yield

19
Q

What are the effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on fertlity

A
  • results are variable
  • Depends on specific structure of fat n-3 vs n-6
  • some fats have a negative effect and
    others have positive effects
20
Q

What are the effects of Vitamin A on fertility

A
  • Long term deficiency can affect fertility by impairing sperm and egg development
  • Might see blindness before seeing effects on fertility
21
Q

What are the effects of selenium on fertility?

A

-deficiency of selenium reduces fertility by affecting fertilization and the viability of spermatozoa.
- Selenium, linked with Vitamin E due to their antioxidative properties, can help reduce the incidence of retained placenta when supplemented.

22
Q

What are the effects of trace elements on fertility?

A
  • Deficiency of Cu = leads to delayed oestrus and longer calving intervals.
  • Over supply of Mb = can cause copper deficiency.
  • Deficiency of Zn = Prevents spermatogenesis.
23
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A
  • feeding nutrients to the foetus
  • removing excretory products
24
Q

Different pathways in which nutrients and metabolites pass from mother to fetus circulation

A
  1. SIMPLE diffusion
    - moves from high to low concentration
    - transports lactate , acetate and CO2

2.ACTIVE diffusion
- Reaches foetus through diffusion, but at faster rate than accounted for solely by
concentration gradient
- transports Glucose
- Uses more energy than simple diffusion

3.ACTIVE transport
- moves from low to high concentration
- Nutrients are maintained at higher concentrations in the foetus than in the maternal blood.
- This energy-demanding process includes the transport of amino acids, vitamins

large molecules e.g lipids , proteins are unable to apsass through the placenta

25
Q

At which stage of pregnancy does the placenta grow?

A

Placenta grows during first two trimesters of pregnancy

26
Q

At what stage of pregnacy do we experience more / rapid fetus growth

A

3rd trimester

27
Q

What are the disadvantages of an animal is carrying multiple foetuses?

A
  • the placental tissues must be shared among them.
  • This sharing can reduce the nutrient supply to each foetus
  • potentially leading to unequal nourishment and lower birthweights
28
Q

What does efficiency of placenta in supporting foetal development depend on ?

A
  • depends on permeability and blood flow
  • Factors that reduce blood flow to the uterus, such as heat stress diverting blood to the mother’s skin reduce fetal growth
29
Q

what is the main energy source for foetus?

A

Glucose
- foetus primarily uses glucose to build and maintain protein-rich tissues.
- also used by the placenta as energy source for transport activities
- excess glucose is converted into glycogen and lipids for energy storage
- If glucose is scarce, the foetus will resort to using amino acids for energy

30
Q

What are the nutreint requirements of fetus during the 1st , 2nd and 3rd trimester?

A

1st and 2nd
- Nutrient requirements of the foetus are minimal compared to the ewe’s maintenance needs during primarily supporting placental growth.

3rd trimester
- Nutrient requirements increase significantly mainly due to rapid foetal growth.
- Energy requirements for foetus increase due to maintenance and growth.
- Energy is used inefficiently by the foetus, with significant heat production.
- heat production increases

31
Q

explain how energy is used inefficiently by the foetus

A
  • a lot of energy is lost through heat
  • heat production increases towards the end of pregnancy due to:
    1. Basal heat production of the foetus.
    2. Heat produced during synthesis of foetal tissues.
32
Q

What are the effects of malnutrition on pregnancy?

A
  • Malnutrition = Inadequate or excessive nutrition intake
  • severe malnutrition causes :
    1. The fertilised egg may die at an early stage
    2. Later in pregnancy the foetus may develop incorrectly and die
  • It may then be resorbed in utero, be expelled before full term (abortion) or be carried to full term (stillbirth)
33
Q

What are the effects of malnutrition on young one ?

A
  • Deficiencies in third trimester will have largest impact
    -results in :
    1. Decreased fetal growth
    2. leading to low birth weights
    3. Reduced colostrum production , impacting offspring survival
  • Less severe malnutrition can reduce offspring’s ability to survive because they don’t have enough stored nutrients.
  • Young animals should be born with reserves of essential nutrients like iron, copper, and vitamins A, D, and E, as milk might not adequately supply these nutrients immediately after birth.
34
Q

What are the effects of malnutrition on dam / mother?

A
  • Malnutrition during pregnancy can greatly impact the dam because the fetus has a high demand for nutrients.
  • the fetus has a high demand for glucose, leading to higher glucose levels in the fetus’s blood compared to the dam’s.
  • insufficient glucose supply to the dam to meet the demands of the fetus glucose needs , results in lack of appetite in the dam .
  • In ewes, preganancy toxaemia , also known as twin lamb disease, can occur due to insufficient glucose supply to the mother , causing loss of appeptie , leading to the dam’s inability to meet her own nutritional needs.
35
Q

Explain why a high plane of nutrition during mid-pregnancy is detrimental to lamb birthweight

A
  • Mid-pregnancy is critical for placental growth, which significantly influences foetal development.
  • High nutrition levels during this period restrict placental growth
  • As a result, even though the foetus receives adequate nutrients, its growth is limited due to the reduced capacity of the placenta to transfer nutrients efficiently, resulting in lower birth weights

Animal Nutrition 324 (8 decks)

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