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SUGER > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Process gametes are produced by in the gonads of an organism
Male humans - spermatogenesis
Female humans - oogenesis

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2
Q

Fimbriae, ampulla is where fusion occurs mostly

A
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3
Q

What is the average length of menstrual cycle in a human?

A

28 days

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4
Q

What regulates gametogenesis?

A

Hormones produced by the brain

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5
Q

How many oocytes are in each follicle?

A

1

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6
Q

What does a primary follicle develop from?

A

Primordial follicle

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7
Q

What is the relationship between the follicle and the ovum?

A

Follicle contains immature ovum

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8
Q

What does the follicle degenerate into once it has ruptured?

A

Early corpus luteum

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9
Q

What does a corpus luteum become?

A

Corpus albicans, if pregnancy does not occur. If pregnant… X hormone released so the follicle continues to release Y

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10
Q

What is the progression from primordial follicle to corpus albicans?

A

Primordial follicle
Primary follicle
Developing follicle
Mature follicle
Ruptured follicle (immature ovum released)
Early corpus luteum
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans

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11
Q

When does oogenesis begin?

A

In fetal life

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12
Q

When is oogenesis complete?

A

After fertilisation, when the oocyte becomes an ovum

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13
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The layer of protein covering the oocyte

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14
Q

What is the process of generating a follicle called?

A

Folliculogenesis

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15
Q

When does mitosis occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

First step - first division, during fetal life

Oogonium stem cell produces daughter oogonium

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16
Q

When does Meiosis I occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

3rd step, second division, after puberty

Primary oocyte produces secondary oocyte and first polar body

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17
Q

When does Meiosis II occur in oogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

4th step, 3rd division, after fertilisation

Secondary oocyte produces an ovum and a second polar body

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18
Q

What are the 4 steps to oogenesis?

A

Mitosis
Growth
Mitosis I
Mitosis II

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19
Q

What are the cells produced throughout oogenesis?

A

Oogonium
Daughter oogonium
Primary oocyte
Secondary oocyte (+ first polar body)
Ovum (+ second polar body)

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20
Q

What is a Graafian follicle?

A

a mature follicle

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21
Q

What surrounds the oocyte when it is released by the follicle?

A

Zona pellucida - glycoproteins
Corona radiata - granulose cells

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22
Q

From what sites are hormones released from for control of the menstrual cycle?

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary gland in the brain
Ovary and endometrium in the reproductive organs

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23
Q

Which hormones in the menstrual cycle are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
By the hypothalamus?

A

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone
LH - luteinizing hormone

GnRH

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24
Q

Which hormones are released by the ovary in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone - from empty follicle

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25
Q

What is the action of GnRH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Stimulates the pituitary gland (to release FSH)

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26
Q

What is the action of FSH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Stimulates the follicle to mature in the ovaries
Stimulates release of oestrogen from ovaries

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27
Q

What is the action of oestrogen in the menstrual cycle?

A

Slows production of FSH, stimulates production of LH (LH surge)
Stimulates endometrium to proliferate (begin proliferatory phase

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28
Q

What is the action of LH in the menstrual cycle?

A

Causes OVULATION

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29
Q

What does the LH surge cause in female?

A

ovulation

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30
Q

What is the action of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

A

Slows LH
Causes endometrium to secrete lots of different molecules (secretory phase)

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31
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy doesn’t occur?

A

It regresses and forms corpus albicans

32
Q

What is the approximate window of time that a woman is fertile for in the ~28 day cycle?

A

~ 5 days

33
Q

What is the action of hCG in the menstrual cycle?

A

Prevents menstruation
Thickens endometrium further

34
Q

What causes hCG to be released in females?

A

Fertilisation

35
Q

What is ejaculate a mixture of?

A

Spermatozoa
Seminal plasma

36
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Testis

37
Q

What 3 glands are in the male reproductive tract?

A

Prostate gland
Seminal vesicle glands
Bulbourethral gland

38
Q

How is the blood-testis barrier formed?

A

Tight junctions between sertoli cells
- separates sperm from immune system

39
Q

What do the seminiferous tubules drain into (male)?

A

Network called rete testis

40
Q

Where are leydig/interstitial cells?
What do leydig/interstitial cells produce?

A

In clusters between seminiferous tubules
Testosterone

41
Q

What is the function of sertoli cells?

A

Promote sperm cell development
Blood-testis barrier formed by tight junctions between them

42
Q

How is the pampinform plexus in males different?

A

Blood supply to testes needs to be 2’ lower than normal body temperature so the arterial blood flow cools as it exits the body into the scrotum
Heat is transferred from descending arterial blood to ascending (cooled) venous blood
Venous blood carries away heat

43
Q

What are the sperm stem cells called?

A

Spermatogonia

44
Q

What 2 kinds of daughter cells do spermatogonia produce?

A

type A - remain outside blood-testis barrier and produce more daughter cells until death
type B - differentiate into primary spermatocytes

45
Q

Which type of daughter cell eventually differentiates into primary spermatocytes?

A

Type B

46
Q

Where do type B cells have to move in spermatogenesis?

A

Have to cross the blood-testis barrier to move inward toward lumen
New tight junctions form behind them

47
Q

What is spermiogenesis?

A

Transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa

48
Q

When does mitosis occur in spermatogenesis?

A

1st step and 1st division

49
Q

What is the 2nd step of spermatogenesis?

A

differentiation of Type B spermatogonium into primary spermatocyte

50
Q

When does Meiosis I occur in spermatogenesis?
What does it produce?

A

3rd step, 2nd division
Primary spermatocyte forms 2 secondary spermatocytes

51
Q

When is Meiosis II in occur in spermatogenesis?
What does meiosis II produce?

A

4th step, 3rd division
Secondary spermatocytes produce Spermatids

52
Q

How do spermatids transform into spermatozoa?

A

spermiogenesis

53
Q

What happens during spermiogenesis?

A

Spermatids sprout a tail, discard cytoplasm to become lighter
(also acrosome develops from acrosomal vesicle, mitochondria condense)
Become spermatozoa

54
Q

How many sperm are made per gram of testis per second?

A

300-600

55
Q

Differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?

A

Oogenesis much slower, only produce one egg at a time… but much more perfected

Spermatogenesis much quicker (64 days), produces many at a time, more likely to have faulty sperm

56
Q

What feedback control system impacts spermatogenesis?

A

Hypothalamo-pituitary-testicular axis

57
Q

What are the efferent ductules?

A

12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from the rete testes
Transport sperm to the epididymis

58
Q

Is the vans deferens muscular?

A

yes

59
Q

What is sperm capacitation?

A

Prepares sperm in vivo for fertilisation - final maturational stage in female genital tract
Causes changes in the plasma membrane of the spermatozoa

60
Q

What is it called when the male and female pronucleuses are unified?

A

Syngamy

61
Q

What percentages of fluid come from each of the 3 glands in ejaculate fluid?

A

60% - seminal vesicle fluid
30% - prostatic fluid
10% sperm
trace of bulbourethral fluid

62
Q

What are the components of semen other than glandular secretions and sperm?

A

Fructose - provide energy
Fibrinogen
clotting enzymes - fibrinogen to fibrin to clot
Fibrinolysin to liquify semen in 30 mins
Prostaglandins stimulate female peristaltic contractions
Spermine - base stabiliser at 7.2-7.6 pH

63
Q

What is responsible for sperm transport?

A

Sperm motility
Female reproductive tract movement

64
Q
A
64
Q

Where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

In the ampulla in the fallopian tubes

65
Q

What is the effect of GnRH in men?

A

Stimulates pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH

66
Q

What is the action of FSH in men?

A

Affect cycle of sperm production

67
Q

What is the action of LH in men?

A

Affect lydig cells production of testosterone

68
Q

What effect does testosterone have on spermatogenesis?

A

Negative feedback to pituitary gland and hypothalamus

69
Q

How does sperm storage occur?
Where does sperm storage occur?

A

Villi of cells of uterus lining, house sperm
In uterus

70
Q

What 3 glycoproteins is the zona pellucida made up of?

A

ZP1
ZP2
ZP3

71
Q

What happens to the sperm as it breaks through each of the 3 glycoprotein layers of the zona pellucida?

A

Primary binding - ZP3 mediated - intact, acrosome reaction
Secondary binding - ZP2 mediated - acrosome reaction, acrosome reacted
DOUBLE CHECK - MAY BE WRONG

72
Q

What is cleavage?

A

1st division of zygote

73
Q

What are current treatment options for infertility?

A

Artificial insemination
Embryo transfer
In vitro fertilisation
Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Somatic Nuclear Transfer (cloning)
Stem Cell Therapy (regenerative medicine)
IPS cells

74
Q

What happens to activate the genome of the oocyte after fertilisation?

A

Surge of calcium - oscillating

SUGER (6 decks)

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