Reproduction Flashcards
What day does ovulation occur?
What is it?
Day 14
The release of an egg from the ovaries
What is the typical age range for puberty?
Girls: 8-13
Boys: 9-14
When does progesterone start and end in the menstrual cycle?
Day 15-28
When does oestrogen start and end in the menstrual cycle?
Day 5 - 14
What days in the menstrual cycle can a woman get pregnant on?
Days 14 & 15
What does progesterone do in the menstrual cycle?
Maintains the lining in the uterus
What does oestrogen do in the menstrual cycle?
Builds up the lining in the uterus
What days does menstruation occur? (loss of the lining)
Days 1-5
Secondary sexual characteristics of males
-Growth spurt (height)
-Hair growth on the body (pubic hair included)
-Voice deepens
-Testes start to make sperm and hormones
-Shoulds broaden
-Sexual Organs get bigger
Secondary sexual characteristics of females
-Growth spurt (height)
-Hair growth on the body (including pubic hair)
-Breasts grow
-Ovaries release eggs and make hormones
-Hips widen
-Periods start
What is puberty?
A physical and emotional change during adolescence for girls and boys
Where is oestrogen released from?
Ovaries
Where is testosterone released from?
Testes
What is a gamete?
A sex cell (egg/sperm)
What causes the changes during puberty?
Hormones - oestrogen + testosterone
What are the two types of reproduction? And give an example.
Sexual - humans
Asexual - strawberry runners
What is a zygote?
A fertilised egg
What is fertilisation?
The nucleus of a male gamete joins with the nucleus of the female gamete to form a zygote
What are the two types of twins?
Identical + non-identical
How does a woman get pregnant after fertilisation?
The zygote has to implant into the uterus lining
Where does fertilisation occur?
The fallopian tube/oviduct
How are identical twins formed?
1 egg + 1 sperm
Zygote splits into two and 2 separate babies form
How are non-identical twins formed?
Two eggs + two sperm
2 separate zygotes at once
How many micrometres in one mm
1000
What substance can pass through the placenta from the mother to the foetus? And are they harmful or useful?
Useful: oxygen, digested food + glucose, antibodies
Harmful: Drugs, alcohol, microbes
What substances can pass through the placenta from the foetus to the mother?
Carbon dioxide, other waste/urea
Stages of development
Zygote, embryo, foetus, baby
Main stage of birth
Cervix dilates (baby’s head to emerge), uterus wall muscle contractions - labour (push the baby out), further contractions after birth (push out placenta)
Do the foetus and mother have separate blood circulation systems?
Yes, their blood doesn’t mix at the placenta, it is a barrier
Difference between zygote, embryo and foetus
When a zygote divides it forms an embryo
And when the divided cells become specialized, with arms and feet it is called a foetus
What is the placenta’s job?
It is responsible for providing oxygen and nutrients to the foetus. It also removes waste substances.
What is the amniotic sac/fluid’s job?
Injuries and infectious agents
What is the umbilical cord’s job?
Carries oxygen, food and waste between the mother and baby
What is the function of the testes?
The organ that produces sperm from puberty. Also releases testosterone.
What is the function of the scrotum?
The pouch of skin that holds the testes outside of the body so that they are a suitable temperature.
What is the function of the epididymis? (male)
Mass of coiled tubes which transports sperm from the testes to the sperm duct
What is the function of the sperm duct?
Tubes which carry the sperm from the testes to the glands and the urethra.
What is the function of the glands?
Opens into the sperm duct and produces seminal fluid + opens into the urethra and produces alkaline fluid which neutralises urine
What is the function of the penis?
The organ which transports semen and urine to the outside. Contains spongy tissue, which fills with blood when the organ is stimulated. This makes the organ erect so it can be placed inside the female.
What is the function of the ureathra? (penis)
The tube which passes through the penis. Both semen and urine pass through it.
What is the function of the foreskin?
The area of skin which covers the sensitive tip of the penis and is removed under the process of circumcision.
What is the independent variable?
The variable that you change
What is the dependent variable?
The variable that you measure
How do you draw the line of best fit in biology?
Dot to dot
What is the function of the ovary?
The organ where egg cells mature and are released. Produces oestrogen and progesterone from puberty to menopause. Two are present.
What is the function of the oviduct/fallopian tube?
The tube which transports the egg from the ovary to the uterus using cilia (small hairs). Fertilisation may occur here.
What is the function of the uterus?
The organ where the developing baby grows. Has a thick wall of muscle and elastic tissue. The inner lining grows and is released monthly from puberty to menopause.
What is the function of the cervix?
Ring of muscle at the neck of the uterus.
What is the function of the vagina?
Muscular tube that opens to the outside. Sometimes known as the birth canal.
What is the function of the labia?
Fleshy lobes that protect the opening of the vagina.
What is the function of the clitoris?
Area very sensitive to stimulation.
What is the function of the flagellum/tail?
Movement
What is the function of the middle piece? (sperm)
Contain mitochondria
What is the function of the head? (sperm)
Contains nucleus
What is the function of the nucleus?
Contains DNA
What is the function of the jelly coat? (egg)
Make sure that only 1 sperm can fertilise the egg
What is the function of the cytoplasm? (egg)
Provides food for embryo
The journey of the sperm from the testes to the oviduct
The sperm gets produced in the testes then goes into the epidiymus. Then it goes through the sperm duct into the urethra which is in the penis. Then when the penis is erect and inside the female. The penis them releases the sperm into the vagina and it travelled into the uterus and though the oviduct.
