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Reproduction > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Two hormones that are created by PG

A

LH and FSH

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2
Q

The release of FSH and LH is controlled by which hormone?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

Where is GnRH released fro

A

‘Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What hormone do the ovaries secrete

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

Where does the gamete take place in male

A

Testis

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6
Q

Where does the gamete take place in female

A

Ovary

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7
Q

3 main steps involved in gametogenesis

A

Proliferation of germ cells
Meiosis
Maturation

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8
Q

What does primary sex organs or gonads do?

A

Make haploid gametes and produce sex hormones

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9
Q

What do accessory sex organs do?

A

A. Carry the gametes
B. Bring out fertilisation
C. Protect the zygote

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10
Q

The primary sex organs in the male

A

Testes

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11
Q

Where is testes

A

In a skin sac called scrotal sac/ scrotum

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12
Q

Why the location of testes are important

A

It is important for spermatogenesis to occur at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature

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13
Q

What are the accessory sex glands

A

1.Seminal vesicles
2.Prostate
3.Bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Fructose, prostaglandin, provides 60% of semen volume and also secretes fibrinogen

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15
Q

Prostate

A

Secretes alkaline fluid, citric acid , provides clotting enzymes and PSA 20% volume

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16
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Produce mucus like substance

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17
Q

Where do testis develop from

A

Develop in the abdomen and move into the scrotum before birth

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18
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are present in each testis

A

400-600

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19
Q

What are testes mostly made of

A

Seminiferous tubules and produce 100million spermatozoa a day since puberty to death

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20
Q

The walls of the tubules in testis contain

A

Primitive germ cells that mature and move to the lumen

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21
Q

Where do tubules drain into?

A

Drain in the head of the epididymis and into the vas deferens

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22
Q

Name the two main cells in testes

A

1.Lyedig or interstital cells
2.sertoli cells

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23
Q

Function and location of leydig cells

A

Between the tubules and their main function is to produce testosterone by LH

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24
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Support cells in the tubules and make regulators for spermatogenesis and are rich in glycogen

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25
Q

How many chromosomes sperm have

A

23 chromosomes

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26
Q

Total time for spermatogenesis

A

74 days - FSH has an important role here

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27
Q

During adolescence what happens to primitive germ cells

A

Turn into the basal lamina which mature into primary spermatocytes

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28
Q

The process from primary to secondary spermatocytes

A

Is done by meiosis and then spermatids

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29
Q

Are spermatids haploid or diploid

A

Haploid - 23 chromosomes

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30
Q

What spermatids mature into

A

Spermatozoa(sperm)

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31
Q

What is the estimated number of spermatids formed from a single spermatogonium

A

512

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32
Q

What is acrosome?

A

Known as the enzymatic knife located on the anterior part of the sperm nucleus.

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33
Q

Are spermatozoa fully mobile when leaving testes

A

No, they continue their maturation and acquire motility during their passage through the epididymis

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34
Q

What is acquired in epididymis

A

Forward motility and involves protein activation

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35
Q

What is the primary reproductive organ of the female

A

Ovaries, which produce ova (egg cell) and sex hormones

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36
Q

What are the accessory organs in female?

A

1) fallopian or uterine tubes
2)uterus
3)vagina
4) vulva

37
Q

What happens to ova at birth

A

Arrested in prophase 1st meiotic division

38
Q

Where ovaries are located

A

Small organs that are located on each side of the uterus

39
Q

Do ovaries produce haploid or diploid chromosomes

A

Ovaries produce haploid ova and secrete sex hormones

40
Q

Female sex hormones

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

41
Q

What each follicle contain

A

Each follicle contain s primary oocyte ready to develop into egg cells

42
Q

What is primary oocyte surrounded by

A

Follicular cells

43
Q

What are secondary sexual characters controlled by oestrogen

A
  1. Finner body hair
    2.wider pelvis
    3.smaller body size
  2. Development of breasts
  3. Extra subcutaneous fat
44
Q

What is progesterone for

A

1.Stimulating uterine changes during the menstrual cycle
2. Affecting the breast tissue development

45
Q

What makes oestrogen

A

Granulosa cells and theca interna

46
Q

Explain what happens on the 14th day of the cycle

A

The follicle ruptures, releasing the ovum (secondary oocyte) this is called ovulation. The first meiosis division is completed just before ovulation

47
Q

What is ovum known as

A

Secondary oocyte

48
Q

When is the 1st meiotic division is completed

A

Just before ovulation.

49
Q

When is secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division

A

Immediately, but this division stops at metaphase and is completed only when spear enters the oocyte

50
Q

Where fallopian tubes extend from

A

Extends from the uterus to the ovaries

51
Q

Where is fimbrae

A

End of fallopian tubes

51
Q

Role of fimbrae

A

Catch the egg as it leaves the ovary during ovulation

52
Q

Where fertilisation occur

A

Where zygote forms

53
Q

Description and location of uterus

A

A thick muscular sac at the front of the pelvic cavity behind the urinary bladder

54
Q

Why in a non-pregnant women uterus is small

A

Because during, the uterus is stretched to hold the baby and its membranes. 5-8 cm long

55
Q

How baby is pushed out?

A

Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus at the end of the pregnancy

56
Q

Describe vagina

A

Vagina is a muscular tube leading from the vaginal orifice to the uterus

57
Q

What does vagina carry

A

Uterine secretions and is the birth canal for the foetus

58
Q

Location of vulva

A

External organs of the female which are found surrounding the openings of the urethra and the vagina

59
Q

What is included in vulva

A

Clitoris,Labia Minora, labia majora and the vestibule (orifice)

60
Q

When human fertilisation occurs

A

Male genetic material from a spermatozoon fuses with the ovum

61
Q

Where sperm and ovum fuse

A

In upper third of uterine tube (ampulla)

62
Q

Where sperm deposited

A

Near to the cervix

63
Q

What will happen after 30-60 min after intercourse

A

Sperm arrives at uterus /uterine tube junction

64
Q

What gradient sperm follows

A

Chemotactic

65
Q

How long oocyte is available for

A

12-24 hours

66
Q

What happens when sperm is attracted to the ovum

A

Bind to the zona pellucida

67
Q

What happens when sperm bonded to zona pellucida

A

Release acrosomal enzymes, penetrate the ZP, and fuse with the membrane of the ovum, releasing the sperm nucleus into its cytoplasm

68
Q

Describe the steps of fertilisation

A

1.Chemoattraction of the sperm to the ovum by substances produced by the ovum

69
Q

Second step of fertilisation

A

Adherence to the zona pellucida , a gel-like membranous structure surrounding the ovum

70
Q

Third step of fertilisation

A

Penetration of the zona pellucida and the acrosome reaction (with the help of Ca2+)

71
Q

4th step of fertilisation

A

Adherence of the sperm head to the cell membrane of the ovum, with breakdown of the area of fusion and release of the sperm nucleus into the cytoplasm of the ovum

72
Q

Explain the fertilisation events

A

1.Sperm contact oocyte membrane will fertilise the egg
2.The contact will trigger 2nd meiotic division
3.secondary oocyte becomes an ovum
4. Sperm nucleus engulfed by egg membrane
5. Ovum is a short-lived cell as haploid sperm nucleus quickly fuses with haploid ovum

73
Q

Where does sperm nucleus swells

A

Inside the ovum

74
Q

What happens to chromosomes in the pronuclei

A

They replicate as both pronuclei move to centre of the ovum and a Mitotic spindle forms

75
Q

What happens when M and F chromosomes line up

A

New structure formed - a diploid 2n zygote

76
Q

What are the 2 phases that human zygote undergoes until considered an embryo

A
  1. Pre-implantation development
    2.post-implantation development
77
Q

Cell divide approx . Once every 12 hours until a ball of cells is formed. What is the name?

A

Morula

78
Q

What morula
And how many cell is contained in one ball

A
  • 64 cells
    Nourished by secretion produce by the epithelium of uterine tubes.
79
Q

What happens after 3-4 days after ovulation

A

Morula enters uterus

80
Q

What is morula size constrained by

A

Zona pellucida

81
Q

What cells are on the morula

A

Tori potent cells which can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic or placental, cells

82
Q

What is special about morula

A

Have no predetermined destiny and could differentiate into any cell type

83
Q

Fluid forms inside morula

A

Uterine fluid which turns into blastocyst

84
Q

Hollow sphere of cells or blastocyst consists of :

A

1) clump of cells inside sphere , called inner mass
2) a flattened ring of outer cells, called the trophoblast

85
Q

Name given to fluid-filled cavity

A

Blastocoele

86
Q

What is decidua

A

Endometrial cells at point of contact thicken or hypertrophy

87
Q

Role of trophoblast cells in implantation

A

Invade decidua and release enzymes, which causes blastocyst to bore its way into deeper tissues

88
Q

When is implantation completed

A
  • 10 days after fertilisation (day 24 of the women’s cycle)

Reproduction (8 decks)

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