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Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Two hormones that are created by PG

A

LH and FSH

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2
Q

The release of FSH and LH is controlled by which hormone?

A

Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

Where is GnRH released fro

A

‘Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What hormone do the ovaries secrete

A

Oestrogen and progesterone

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5
Q

Where does the gamete take place in male

A

Testis

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6
Q

Where does the gamete take place in female

A

Ovary

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7
Q

3 main steps involved in gametogenesis

A

Proliferation of germ cells
Meiosis
Maturation

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8
Q

What does primary sex organs or gonads do?

A

Make haploid gametes and produce sex hormones

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9
Q

What do accessory sex organs do?

A

A. Carry the gametes
B. Bring out fertilisation
C. Protect the zygote

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10
Q

The primary sex organs in the male

A

Testes

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11
Q

Where is testes

A

In a skin sac called scrotal sac/ scrotum

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12
Q

Why the location of testes are important

A

It is important for spermatogenesis to occur at a temperature slightly lower than body temperature

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13
Q

What are the accessory sex glands

A

1.Seminal vesicles
2.Prostate
3.Bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

Seminal vesicles

A

Fructose, prostaglandin, provides 60% of semen volume and also secretes fibrinogen

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15
Q

Prostate

A

Secretes alkaline fluid, citric acid , provides clotting enzymes and PSA 20% volume

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16
Q

Bulbourethral gland

A

Produce mucus like substance

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17
Q

Where do testis develop from

A

Develop in the abdomen and move into the scrotum before birth

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18
Q

How many seminiferous tubules are present in each testis

A

400-600

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19
Q

What are testes mostly made of

A

Seminiferous tubules and produce 100million spermatozoa a day since puberty to death

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20
Q

The walls of the tubules in testis contain

A

Primitive germ cells that mature and move to the lumen

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21
Q

Where do tubules drain into?

A

Drain in the head of the epididymis and into the vas deferens

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22
Q

Name the two main cells in testes

A

1.Lyedig or interstital cells
2.sertoli cells

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23
Q

Function and location of leydig cells

A

Between the tubules and their main function is to produce testosterone by LH

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24
Q

Function of Sertoli cells

A

Support cells in the tubules and make regulators for spermatogenesis and are rich in glycogen

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25
How many chromosomes sperm have
23 chromosomes
26
Total time for spermatogenesis
74 days - FSH has an important role here
27
During adolescence what happens to primitive germ cells
Turn into the basal lamina which mature into primary spermatocytes
28
The process from primary to secondary spermatocytes
Is done by meiosis and then spermatids
29
Are spermatids haploid or diploid
Haploid - 23 chromosomes
30
What spermatids mature into
Spermatozoa(sperm)
31
What is the estimated number of spermatids formed from a single spermatogonium
512
32
What is acrosome?
Known as the enzymatic knife located on the anterior part of the sperm nucleus.
33
Are spermatozoa fully mobile when leaving testes
No, they continue their maturation and acquire motility during their passage through the epididymis
34
What is acquired in epididymis
Forward motility and involves protein activation
35
What is the primary reproductive organ of the female
Ovaries, which produce ova (egg cell) and sex hormones
36
What are the accessory organs in female?
1) fallopian or uterine tubes 2)uterus 3)vagina 4) vulva
37
What happens to ova at birth
Arrested in prophase 1st meiotic division
38
Where ovaries are located
Small organs that are located on each side of the uterus
39
Do ovaries produce haploid or diploid chromosomes
Ovaries produce haploid ova and secrete sex hormones
40
Female sex hormones
Oestrogen and progesterone
41
What each follicle contain
Each follicle contain s primary oocyte ready to develop into egg cells
42
What is primary oocyte surrounded by
Follicular cells
43
What are secondary sexual characters controlled by oestrogen
1. Finner body hair 2.wider pelvis 3.smaller body size 4. Development of breasts 5. Extra subcutaneous fat
44
What is progesterone for
1.Stimulating uterine changes during the menstrual cycle 2. Affecting the breast tissue development
45
What makes oestrogen
Granulosa cells and theca interna
46
Explain what happens on the 14th day of the cycle
The follicle ruptures, releasing the ovum (secondary oocyte) this is called ovulation. The first meiosis division is completed just before ovulation
47
What is ovum known as
Secondary oocyte
48
When is the 1st meiotic division is completed
Just before ovulation.
49
When is secondary oocyte begins the second meiotic division
Immediately, but this division stops at metaphase and is completed only when spear enters the oocyte
50
Where fallopian tubes extend from
Extends from the uterus to the ovaries
51
Where is fimbrae
End of fallopian tubes
51
Role of fimbrae
Catch the egg as it leaves the ovary during ovulation
52
Where fertilisation occur
Where zygote forms
53
Description and location of uterus
A thick muscular sac at the front of the pelvic cavity behind the urinary bladder
54
Why in a non-pregnant women uterus is small
Because during, the uterus is stretched to hold the baby and its membranes. 5-8 cm long
55
How baby is pushed out?
Contraction of the smooth muscle in the wall of the uterus at the end of the pregnancy
56
Describe vagina
Vagina is a muscular tube leading from the vaginal orifice to the uterus
57
What does vagina carry
Uterine secretions and is the birth canal for the foetus
58
Location of vulva
External organs of the female which are found surrounding the openings of the urethra and the vagina
59
What is included in vulva
Clitoris,Labia Minora, labia majora and the vestibule (orifice)
60
When human fertilisation occurs
Male genetic material from a spermatozoon fuses with the ovum
61
Where sperm and ovum fuse
In upper third of uterine tube (ampulla)
62
Where sperm deposited
Near to the cervix
63
What will happen after 30-60 min after intercourse
Sperm arrives at uterus /uterine tube junction
64
What gradient sperm follows
Chemotactic
65
How long oocyte is available for
12-24 hours
66
What happens when sperm is attracted to the ovum
Bind to the zona pellucida
67
What happens when sperm bonded to zona pellucida
Release acrosomal enzymes, penetrate the ZP, and fuse with the membrane of the ovum, releasing the sperm nucleus into its cytoplasm
68
Describe the steps of fertilisation
1.Chemoattraction of the sperm to the ovum by substances produced by the ovum
69
Second step of fertilisation
Adherence to the zona pellucida , a gel-like membranous structure surrounding the ovum
70
Third step of fertilisation
Penetration of the zona pellucida and the acrosome reaction (with the help of Ca2+)
71
4th step of fertilisation
Adherence of the sperm head to the cell membrane of the ovum, with breakdown of the area of fusion and release of the sperm nucleus into the cytoplasm of the ovum
72
Explain the fertilisation events
1.Sperm contact oocyte membrane will fertilise the egg 2.The contact will trigger 2nd meiotic division 3.secondary oocyte becomes an ovum 4. Sperm nucleus engulfed by egg membrane 5. Ovum is a short-lived cell as haploid sperm nucleus quickly fuses with haploid ovum
73
Where does sperm nucleus swells
Inside the ovum
74
What happens to chromosomes in the pronuclei
They replicate as both pronuclei move to centre of the ovum and a Mitotic spindle forms
75
What happens when M and F chromosomes line up
New structure formed - a diploid 2n zygote
76
What are the 2 phases that human zygote undergoes until considered an embryo
1. Pre-implantation development 2.post-implantation development
77
Cell divide approx . Once every 12 hours until a ball of cells is formed. What is the name?
Morula
78
What morula And how many cell is contained in one ball
- 64 cells Nourished by secretion produce by the epithelium of uterine tubes.
79
What happens after 3-4 days after ovulation
Morula enters uterus
80
What is morula size constrained by
Zona pellucida
81
What cells are on the morula
Tori potent cells which can form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic or placental, cells
82
What is special about morula
Have no predetermined destiny and could differentiate into any cell type
83
Fluid forms inside morula
Uterine fluid which turns into blastocyst
84
Hollow sphere of cells or blastocyst consists of :
1) clump of cells inside sphere , called inner mass 2) a flattened ring of outer cells, called the trophoblast
85
Name given to fluid-filled cavity
Blastocoele
86
What is decidua
Endometrial cells at point of contact thicken or hypertrophy
87
Role of trophoblast cells in implantation
Invade decidua and release enzymes, which causes blastocyst to bore its way into deeper tissues
88
When is implantation completed
- 10 days after fertilisation (day 24 of the women’s cycle)

Reproduction (8 decks)

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