integumentary system

Question 1

name the layers on epithelium

Answer 1

-stratum corneum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
-dermis

Question 2

name the cell types on epithelium

Answer 2

cells are dead - represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin. glycolipids in extracellular space.

cells are flattened: organelles deteriorating cytoplasm full of lamellate granules (release lipids) and keratohyaline granules.

cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin

cells are actively miotic stem cells: some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers

Dermis

Question 3

name the 4 types of tissue

Answer 3

• epithelium - epidermis
  -connective tissue - dermis
  -muscle tissue
  -nervous tissue

Question 4

describe dermis

Answer 4

it is strong, flexible connective tissue ; your hide

dermis is in fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells and white blood cells

there are 3 fiber types: collagen, elastic, reticular

Rich supply of nerves and vessels

it has a role in temperature regulation

it has two layers -
papillary - areolar connective tissue includes dermal papillae

reticular- reticulum ; network of collagen and reticular fibres

Question 5

what is in the granules

Answer 5

lysozyme- digests bacteria cell wall; other antimicrobial proteins

Question 6

additional role of neutrophils

Answer 6

triggers inflammatory response

Question 7

monocyte and migrate into the tissues and become what

Answer 7

macrophages

Question 8

neutrophils are present in what only

Answer 8

blood

Question 9

what are toll-like receptors

Answer 9

they are transmembrane proteins
It is present on macrophages /few other cell
conserved across vertebrates
important part of the innate immune system

Question 10

what is the role of the toll like receptors

Answer 10

look out for microbes or their components
they bind to the microbes or their components
they trigger a cascade of events to kill or protect against pathogens
they are innate immune sensors

Question 11

give examples of cytokines

Answer 11

interferons
interleukins
tumour necrosis factor TNF

Question 12

what are interleukins secreted by

Answer 12

T-lymphocytes and macrophages

Question 13

what interleukins do?

Answer 13

cause inflammation
proliferation of immune cells
activation of immune cells
increase antibody production