reproduction

Question 1

2 types of plant repro

Answer 1

Asexual and sexual reproduction

Question 2

Define sexual reproduction

Answer 2

• involves fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes
• 2 parents
• non-identical offspring
• Genetic variation in population means that offspring are more likely to adapt to changes in the environment

Question 3

Define asexual reproduction

Answer 3

• no gametes (sex cell)
• one parent
• genetically identical offspring
• does not results in genetic variation in the population, hence, offspring are less likely to survive changes in the environment/less likely to adapt to changes in the environment.

Question 4

Can plants undergo both sexual and asexual reproduction

Answer 4

Flowering plants are sexually reproducing plants.
Flowers can have either male or female parts
Flowers produce gametes

Question 5

What are some plants including flowering plants that don’t rely on flowers to reproduce?

Answer 5

They reproduce through vegetative propagation
- potato( grow underground, stems store food)
- banana( plants grow off small shoots called “suckers” from the parent plant)
- strawberry (cutting system- a new plant can be grown from a cutting of the plant itself)

Question 6

Label the flower

Answer 6

https://drive.google.com/file/d/18QInQDbDkR7rnT9AyuIf5k21mhQo3UhS/view?usp=drivesdk

Question 7

What is the function of the sepals

Answer 7

sepals are modified leaves which enclose and protect the other parts of the flower in the bud stage.
the sepals usually form the outermost layer of floral leaves

Question 8

What is the function of the petals

Answer 8

for insect pollinated flowers, petals:
- petals are brightly coloured to attract insects for pollination; and
- provide a platform for insects to land on

Question 9

What is the function of the anthers

Answer 9

The anther produced pollen grains. when the anther matures, it splits open to release the pollen grains.

Question 10

What is the function of carpels

Answer 10

carpels are the female part of a flower, it consists of an ovary, a style above the ovary, and one or more stigmas

Question 11

What is self-pollination?

Answer 11

It is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the
same flower or of a different flower of the same plant.

Question 12

What is cross-pollination?

Answer 12

It is the transfer of pollen grains from one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species.

Question 13

Outline the process of pollination

Answer 13

Pollination of Clitoria
1. When an insect such as a bee visits the flower, it lands on the standard petal.
3. The insect forces its way in between the two wing petals and moves in to collect the nectar.
4. The insect’s back forces the keel petal upwards to expose the stigma and the anthers. The stigma and anthers brush against the hairy back of the insect. When this happens, some pollen grains from the anther stick to the hairy back of the insect. At the same time, pollen grains on the insect’s back (from another flower which the insect had visited earlier) are transferred to the sticky stigma.
5. When the insect leaves the flower, the keel petal springs back to its original position to enclose the stamens and the stigma again.
Although the flower is well adapted to insect pollination, self-pollination can
still occur.

Question 14

Pollination vs fertilisation

Answer 14

Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains form an anther to a stigma
Fertilisation is the fusion of a male nucleus with an egg cell in the ovule

Question 15

Define fertilisation?

Answer 15

The fusion of the nucleus of male and female gametes to form a zygote.

Question 16

define pollination

Answer 16

pollination is the transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma.

Question 17

describe the growth of the pollen tube and its entry into the ovule followed by fertilisation

Answer 17

After pollination, the pollen grain germinates after it comes into contact with the stigma, in response to the sugary fluid secreted by the mature stigma.A pollen tube grows out from each pollen grain. The male gametes enter the pollen tube.
As the pollen tube grows, it secretes enzymes to digest the surrounding tissue of the stigma and style. Thus, the pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary.The pollen tube enters the ovule through an opening in the ovule wall called the micropyle.
Within the ovule, the tip of the pollen tube absorbs sap and bursts, releasing the two male gametes. The nucleus of one male gamete fuses with the nucleus of the ovum to form the zygote.This is fertilisation.

Question 18

label the female reproductive system

Question 19

Label the male reproductive system

Answer 19

https://drive.google.com/file/d/1qsbfY2HhzoZBRUKo16Cf2I0lgYX_T0eh/view?usp=drivesdk

Question 20

function of ovaries

Answer 20

ovaries produce eggs, and hormones such as oestrogen and progesterone

Question 21

function of oestrogen

Answer 21

repairs and maintains the uterine linning

Question 22

function of progesterone

Answer 22

maintains the thickening of the uterine linning

Question 23

function of the oviducts

Answer 23

oviduct is a narrow muscular tube leading from the ovary to the uterus
- fertilization happens in the oviduct

Question 24

function of the uterus

Answer 24

location of where the embryo implants, and foetus develops during pregnancy

Question 25

function of the cervix- can’t find the function, so here are some facts of the cervix(if u can find pls help to edit;))

Answer 25

• the cervix is the lower part of the uterus where it joins the vagina
• its the opening that allows menstrual blood to flow out of the vagina during mensuration,

Question 26

function of the vagina

Answer 26

semen is deposited in the vagina during sexual intercourse
- Fact: the opening of the vagina is called the vulva

Question 27

function of testes

Answer 27

produces sperm and sex hormones such as testosterone

Question 28

function of testosterone

Answer 28

responsible for the development and maintenance of the secondary sexual characteristics in males

secondary sexual characteristics: Secondary sexual characteristics in males are physical traits and characteristics that typically develop during puberty and distinguish males from females.

Question 29

function of scrotum

Answer 29

pouch-like sacs
Qn: why are the scrotums outside of the main body cavity?
Ans: As sperms can only develop properly at a temperature slightly lower than that of the body.

Question 30

function of sperm ducts

Answer 30

After sperms are released from a testies, they travel through a sperm duct

Question 31

function of prostate glands

Answer 31

the prostate gland and the cowper’s gland secrete a fluid(semen) which mixes with the sperms, the fluid contains nutrients and enzymes which nourish the sperms and stimulate them to swim actively
- the prostate gland is at the base of the urinary bladder, where the 2 sperm ducts join the urethra.

Question 32

function of urethra

Answer 32

the tube which passes from the bladder through the centre of the penis to the body

Question 33

function of penis

Answer 33

the penis enters the vagina during sexual intercourse to deposit semen, containing sperm

Question 34

how does the sperm move from the testies to out of the body?

Answer 34

testis> epididymis> sperm duct>
urethra >outside

Question 35

from day __to__ does mensuration occur?

Answer 35

day 1-5

Question 36

what happens from day 6 to 15?

Answer 36

repair of uterine lining
oestrogen is secreted form the ovaries, causing the repair and growth of the uterine linning.

Question 37

when is the fertile period(during this period, sperms in vagina are likely to cause fertilisation)

Answer 37

day 11-15

Question 38

when does ovulation approximately occur?

Answer 38

day 14
ovulation is when the egg has reached the fallopian tube

Question 39

what happens from day 16- 28?

Answer 39

Progesterone is secreted from the ovaries, and uterine lining thickens further and becomes well-supplied with blood capillaries, preparing the uterus for implantation of the embryo

Question 40

how does AIDS and HIV spread?

Answer 40

when blood from an infected person gets into the bloodstream of an uninfected person

Question 41

how to prevent the spread of HIV?

Answer 41

• avoid sexual intercourse with an infected person
• avoid sharing needles with an infected person,
• keep to one sex partner
• males should wear a condom during sexual intercourse.

Question 42

process from fertilization to a baby?

Answer 42

fertilization of gametes> zygote> impanation> Development of embryo> Fetus> baby