Co-ordination and Response in Humans Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what is the central nervous system made up of?

A

the central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a sensory neurone?

A

transmits nerve impulses from the sense organs or receptors to the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a relay neurone?

A

transmits nerve impulses from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

where is a relay neurone found?

A

they are found within the central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a motor neurone?

A

transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does a nerve impulse get transmitted from a neurone to another neurone?

A

nerve impulses are transmitted across a synapse via neurotransmitters from the (___ neurone) to the (___ neurone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the reflex action?

A

it is a involuntary action, an immediate response to a specific stimulus without conscious control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the reflex arc?

A

a reflex arc is the shortest pathway which nerve impulses travel from the receptor to the effector in a reflex action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe the pathway taken when a person moves his arm reflectively away from a source of pain.

A
  • [receptors] in the skin detect the** [pain >stimulus],** and a nerve impulse is generated
  • the nerve impulse impulse is transmitted by a [sensory] neurone to the spinal cord to a** [relay]** neurone via neurotransmitters across a synapse
  • the relay neurone transmits the nerve impulse to a [motor] neurone via neurotransmitters across a synapse
  • the motor neurone transmits the nerve impulse to an [effector>arm muscle] via the ventral root
  • the muscle **[reaction>contracts **]and moves the arm away

S,R,S,R,M,E,R

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the choroid?

A

contains a lot of blood capillaries, supplies nutrients to cells in the eye
- there is a layer of pigment(melanin) between the retina and choroid that absorbs light, to prevent reflection of light within the eye.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

function of the cornea?

A

it refracts or bend light rays into the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are the 2 kinds of photoreceptors in the retina?

A

rod cells and cone cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are rod cells?

A

rod cells are photoreceptors in the retina, that detect light (black and white visions)
- they are present throughout the retina EXCEPT the fovea and the blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are cone cells?

A

cone cells are photoreceptors in the retina, that detect light (red/green/blue)
- present at highest concentration at the fovea, absent at the blind spot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

pupillary reflex (when it is bright, what happens to the eye?)

A

Circular muscles of the iris > contracts
Radial muscles of the iris> relax
pupils> constrict
amount of light entering the eye> reduced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pupillary reflex (when it is Dim, what happens to the eye?)

A

Circular muscles of the iris > relax
Radial muscles of the iris> contract
pupils> dilates
amount of light entering the eye> increase

17
Q

Accommodation reflex (when object of near to the eye)

A

Ciliary muscle>Contract
suspensory ligaments> slacken
lens> More convex
focal length> Shorten

18
Q

Accommodation reflex (when object of far from the eye)

A

Ciliary muscle>relax
suspensory ligaments> taut
lens> less convex
focal length> increase

19
Q

what is a endocrine system?

A

it is made up of endocrine glands throughout the body which secrete hormones into the blood stream .
hormones will have various effects on their target organs

20
Q

state 4 endocrine glands in the body

A

Pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads(testes in males, ovaries in females), pituitary glands

21
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

A group of cells of organ that secretes hormones

22
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A hormone is a chemical messenger, secreted by the endocrine glands into the blood. Hormones travel via the blood to target organs to exert their effects.

23
Q

how are hormones broken down?

A

Hormones are broken down in the liver after use, and excreted through the kidneys

24
Q
A

(e) define a hormone as a chemical substance, produced by a gland, carried by the blood, which alters the
activity of one or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver
(f) state what is meant by an endocrine gland, with reference to the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
(g) outline how the blood glucose concentration is regulated by insulin and glucagon

25
Q

What are the 2 kinds of hormones?

A

Peptide and steroid
Peptide hormones> insulin and glucagon
Steroid hormones> sex hormones

26
Q

What happens after a hormone is sent to their target organs?

A

When hormones reach the target organ, they bind to receptors on cells.
The cells will respond to the hormone by changing their metabolic activity

27
Q

Describe what happens when the blood glucose level in the body is below normal?

A

(Stimulus) Blood glucose level below normal,
(Receptor) prancreas detects changes in the blood glucose level
(Effector) Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secretes glucagon
(Effect on target organs) Liver and muscle cells are stimulated to increase conversion of glycogen to glucose. Stimulating the liver to release glucose into the blood.
Blood glucose returns to normal

28
Q

Describe what happens when the blood glucose level in the body is above normal?

A

(Stimulus) Blood glucose level above normal,
(Receptor) prancreas detects changes in the blood glucose level
(Effector) Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secretes insulin
(Effect on target organs) Liver and muscle cells are stimulated to increase uptake of glucose from blood, and increase the conversion of excess glucose to glycogen for storage.
Blood glucose returns to normal

29
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline?

A
  • increase metabolic rate
  • increase heart rate and depth of ventilation
  • causes the pupils to dilate
  • increase blood pressure
30
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

It is genetic, person lacks insulin production

31
Q
A