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BIO 216 Test One > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Reproduction

A

The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced from their parents

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2
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Typically requires the involvement of two individuals or gametes one each from the opposite type of sex

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3
Q

Define gametogenesis

A

The process of differentiation of the primordial germ cell into gametes (egg and sperm)

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4
Q

Define primordial germ cells

A

Early embryonic cells that acquire the developmental potential to develop into the gametes

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5
Q

Define oogenesis

A

Egg development

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6
Q

Define spermatogenesis

A

Sperm development

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7
Q

What are the general characteristics of egg cells?

A
  • large and non motile
  • stores proteins, nucleic acids, ribosomes, RNA, mitochondria
    -yolk(energy supply)
  • totipotent( developmental potential to develop into any cell type of the organism)
  • unique haploid genome
  • egg coat (protective coat, jelly coat)
  • cortical granules( specialized golgi structures that protect the egg against polyspermy)
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8
Q

Functions of the egg

A
  • provides half the genome
  • provides mechanisms for sperm recognition (ex.prevention of polyspermy)
  • provides the raw materials to carry out early development
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9
Q

Characteristics of sperm

A
  • unique haploid genome
    -small and motile (flagella)
  • few organelles( mitochondria, centrioles)
  • acrosomal vesicle ( specialized golgi structure used by sperm to bind to and penetrate the egg coat)
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10
Q

Function of sperm cells

A
  • get to and fuse with egg
  • contribute half the genome
  • activates the egg
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11
Q

Define gametogenesis

A

The development of diploid cells into either haploid eggs or sperm
Entails: genomic events, mitosis ,meiosis, specialization events

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12
Q

Genomic events examples show …..

A

The fate of the cells that will become the germ cells is fixed early in development

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13
Q

Define PGCs

A

Precursor germ cells or gonocytes are primordial germ cells that still have to reach the gonads and divide repeatedly on their migratory route

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14
Q

What are the two structures that are initially present in the undifferentiated gonad?

A

Wolffian- male internal genitalia
Mullerian - female internal genitalia

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15
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis in the process of gametogenesis?

A

Expansion of the primordial germ cell population

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16
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis during gametogenesis ?

A

Development of diploid germ cells into either haploid eggs or sperm for sexual reproduction

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17
Q

Define mitosis

A

Occurs in somatic cells, chromosomal number is not halved

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18
Q

Define Meiosis

A

The process by which the number of chromosomes in a cell nucleus is halved during the formation of germ cells

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19
Q

What are the benefits of sexual reproduction?

A

Meiotic recombination and fertilization produces offspring of varied genotypes and may enhance reproductive success when environmental factors change rapidly

Rearrangement of genes in population may allow them to remove harmful genes and may enhance adaptation

20
Q

In what two ways is variation generated during meiosis?

A

Chromosome segregation (independent assortment)
Crossing over ( homologous recombination )

21
Q

Define chromosomes

A

Structures that contain DNA

22
Q

Define DNA

A

Genetic info in a cell that is backed in a system of coiling and folding

23
Q

Define genes

A

Stretch of DNA that codes for something (ex. Proteins)

24
Q

In a cell with 4 chromosomes, how many sister chromatids are visible at the end of telophase/cytokinesis?

A) 0
B) 4
C) 8
D) 16
E) 2

A

A) 0

25
Q

How much genetic material is present in a cell during anaphase 1 compared to a cell during metaphase ?
A) the same amount
B) one-quarter as much
C) four times as much
D) one half as much
E) twice as much

A

A) the same amount

26
Q

Primary germ cell produce(egg)…..

A

Oogonia

27
Q

Oogonia reproduce by _to produce…

A
  1. Mitosis
  2. Primary oocytes
28
Q

Primary ooctyes begin meiosis then….

A

Arrest at prophase 1. These cells are present in females at birth and reside in a follicle

29
Q

At puberty what hormone stimulates follicles to grow and mature ?

A

FSH( follicle stimulating hormone )

30
Q

Define ovulation

A

The breaking open of the follicle to release the secondary oocyte

31
Q

Define fertilization

A

Fusion of haploid sperm nucleus with haploid egg nucleus

32
Q

What does the corpus luteum( female reproductive organs) do?

A

Forms from the ruptured follicle and reduces progesterone which thickens uterus lining for pregnancy
It degenerates if fertilization does not occur

33
Q

Define polar body

A

Small haploid cell formed from uneven division during cytokinesis during meiosis in oogenesis

34
Q

In humans puberty is triggered by…

A

Hormones in the hypothalamus and pituitary

35
Q

Where do testes develop ?

A

In the abdomen and descend into the scrotum

36
Q

Define seminiferous tubes

A

Network of tubules located in the testes

37
Q

Define Sertoli cells

A

They form the walls of seminiferous tubules; support germ cells

38
Q

Define leydig cells

A

They are adjacent to seminiferous tubules and produce androgens ( eg testosterone)

39
Q

What is the function of the acrosome in the sperm cell

A

It is a vesicle with enzymes that facilitate egg penetration

40
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in the sperm cell?

A

Provide ATP for tail movement/ swimming

41
Q

What is inhibit

A

A peptide hormone secreted by the follicular cells of the ovary and the sertoli cells of the testis that inhibits secretion of follicle stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary

42
Q

Define Oogonia

A

Mitotically active cells that produce primary oocytes

43
Q

Define secondary oocyte

A

The large cell produced by the first meiotic division

44
Q

Define ovum

A

The haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes a functional gamete

45
Q

Define spermatogonia

A

Mitotically active cells in the gonads that give rise to spermatocytes

46
Q

Define spermatids

A

The four haploid cells produced by the meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte

47
Q

Cytokinesis of meiosis 1 is …resulting

A

uneven, resulting in one small cell (the first polar body) and another larger cell

BIO 216 Test One (4 decks)

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