reproduction Flashcards
what are games?
reproductive cells
what are gonads?
primary sex organs
ovarian cycle
series of cyclic events that matures 1 oocyte once a month
follicular phase
(ovarian cycle) days 1-14 follicle grow and secret estrogen , one gets promoted to “dominate follicle”
luteal phase
(ovarian cycle) days 15-28, a mass of cells form the veeps lute which secrets high levels pf progesterone and estrogens
what can the luteal phase cause
eroding of the endometrium
uterine cycle
series of cyclic events that causes change in the endometrium in response to ovarian hormones
menstrual phase
days 0-4, menstruation occurs, endometrium sheds
proliferate (preovulatory)
days 5-14, endometrium rebuilds itself in response to rising blood levels of estrogens
secretory (post ovulatory)
days 15-28, endometrium prepares for an embryo implantation
puberty
reproduction organs grow to their adult size and become functional
HPG
hypothalamus pituitary gland
what is HPG’s role
responsible for reproductive hormone secretion
where are spam made?
seminiferous tubules
where do sperm mature?
epididymis
what gland secretes the greatest contribution to the volume of semen?
seminal glands
what is the first phase of the ovarian cycle
follicular phase
what is the second phase the ovarian cycle? and what does it develop
luteal phase; corpus luteum
games are ____ meaning they have I full set of chromosomes__
haploid; 23
Gamets are made during?
meiosis
somatic cell are ___ meaning they have 2 full sets of chromosomes __
diploid; 46
what key events happens during interphase?
DNA replication
mitosis results __ # of cells that are ____
two; identical
meiosis results in ___ # of cells that are ___
4; unique
after fertilization the zygote goes through ____
mitosis
pathway of sperm
Seminiferous tubules of the testes - epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - urethra of penis- vagina - cervix - uterus - Fallopian tube - endometrium of the uterus.
fertilization occur at week ___ of pregnancy and is the start of the ____ period lasting until week # ___
2; embryonic ; 8
the next phase of pregnancy is known as the _____ period and starts at week ____ and ends at birth or also known as ___
fetal ; 9; parturition
in preparation for pregnancy the ___ lining of the uterus thickens
endometrium
this happens during the ____ phase of the _____ cycle
proliferatie phase; uterine cycle
the hormone ___ surges to support implantation
progesterone
milk is produced in the
glandular alveoli in the lobes of each mammary gland
how does the zygote make its way through the female reproductive system
muscular peristalsis and beating cilia
when does meiosis in females begin and end
before birth; when an egg is fertilized
when does meiosis in male begin and end
at puberty
what is the end results of spermatogenesis
4 spermatids
what is the name of the maturation process that happens after spermatogenesis
spermatogenesis; it makes the sperm motile
as the zygote travels down the fallopian tube it goes through a period of rapid mitotic divisions known as ___
cleavage
when the zygote is a clump of 16 or more cells it is considered to be a ____
morula
around 4 days, the zygote is considered a ___ and consists of a single layer of cells that will develop into the _____ and a clump of cells that will develop into the ____
blastocyst; placenta ; embryo
which structure initially secretes progesterone and estrogen for the growing embryo
corpus luteum
which structure takes over?
placenta
the structure in number 2 is connected to the embryo
umbilical cord
what two things must happen to the cervix In preparation for childbirth
dilate to 10cm and efface 100%
luteinizing hormone in males
stimulates interstitial endocrine cells to secrete testosterone
follicle stimulating hormone in males
indirectly stimulates the development of games in spermatogenesis
luteinizing hormones and follicle stimulating hormone in females
stimulates the development of gamets and an increase in the secretion sex hormones
uterine cycle stages
menstrual: 1-8
proliferate: 8-13
ovulation: 14
secretory :15-28
endometrium layers- which one increases
basal and functional layer, functional layer
which hormone impacts the fluctuations in the endometrium
progesterone peaks at days 19-24 when the functional later peaks
what hormones is the uterine cycle directly influenced by
sex hormones (estrogen and progesterone) because functional layer
oogenesis process
spermatogenesis summarized
start with mitosis of stem cells and has 1 spermatagonium and make 4 spermatid that then go through meiosis during puberty, 4 haploid cells
oogenesis process
(happens before birth) struts with diploid cell = 1 ovum- haploid cell- and 3 polar bodies then goes through puberty, meiosis and makes it secondary egg for fertilization
meiosis
creating haploid sex cells, happens for female before life and males throughout , end with 4 unique haploid gametes
mitosis
making copies of somatic cells, happens throughout life
haploid cell
I full set = 23 chromosomes
diploid cell
2 full sets = 46
where are sperm specifically made
semiferous tubules
what are the three accessory glands
seminal glands, prostate, bulborethreal
seminal glands
secretion glands makes up 70% of volume of semen and increases mobility
prostate
1/4 of semen, activates sperm
