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bms 300 > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

The testis moves from the _________________ to the ________________ during testicular descent.

A

abdominal cavity, scrotum

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2
Q

Which of the following cells is a stem cell which allows sperm production to continue throughout life in the adult male?

Sperm
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatogonia

A

spermatogonia

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3
Q

When does Meiosis I begin in males?

A

at puberty

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4
Q

What cell produces testosterone?

A

leydig

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5
Q

The blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between:

A

nurse cells

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6
Q

The corpus luteum produces ______________, which maintains endometrium and inhibits ___________ release from the hypothalamus.

A

Progesterone, GnRH

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7
Q

Which cells closely surround the oocyte and stimulate oogenesis?

A

granulosa

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8
Q

What event is responsible for ovulation?

A

LH surge

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9
Q

When does Meiosis I begin in females?

A

before birth in utero

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10
Q

When an oocyte is ovulated, what stage of Meiosis is it arrested in?

A

meiosis II

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11
Q

T/F: The cervix and the uterotubal junction (UTJ) are barriers to fertilization.

A

true

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12
Q

T/F: Maternal and fetal blood mix regularly during gestation.

A

true

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13
Q

The structure that invades the endometrium of the uterus is called a(n):

A

blastocyst

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14
Q

The umbilical veins carry ________________ blood and the umbilical artery carries __________________ blood.

A

oxygenated, deoxygenated

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15
Q

During pregnancy Estrogen and Progesterone inhibit __________________, which is responsible for milk production.

A

prolactin

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16
Q

The presence of a 2nd polar body is evidence for:

A

fertilization and completion of meiosis II

17
Q

What is the most important hormone for maintaining pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

18
Q

When does the oocyte become a zygote?

A

When the male and female pronuclei fuse

19
Q

what is klinefelter’s syndrome chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex?

A

XXY, testes, wolffian duct with male external genital

20
Q

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

A

XY, testes, no duct but female external genital

21
Q

what is turner’s syndrome chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

A

X0, ovary, mullarian ducts with female external genital

22
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

A

XX, ovary, mullarian AND wolffian duct with male external genital

23
Q

What are the differences in the end results of mitosis vs meiosis and why are they important?

A

Mitosis: produces 2 daughter cells that are identical from a single parent
Meiosis: produce cells that are unique from the parent and only contain half the DNA

24
Q

What are the three levels of sexual differentiation and what factors determine each level?

A

Chromosomal sex: genetics
Gonadal sex: genes
Phenotypic sex: reproductive tracts/hormones

25
Q

When does spermatogenesis start in males?

A

puberty

26
Q

What are the steps of spermatogenesis? Be sure to know the name of the developing sperm within each step.

A

Mitosis: spermatogonium ( primary spermatocyte 2 diploid)
Primary spermatocyte enters meiosis I at puberty
Divides into 2 secondary haploid spermatocytes
Enter meiosis II which divides into 4 haploid spermatids
Transitions to sperm (spermiogensis) which will end with spermatoza’s

27
Q

When is sperm mature?

A

At the last step of spermatogenesis

28
Q

What are the two steps of capacitation and when do they occur?

A

Occurs during spermatogensis when the sperm is leaving epididymis
- Sperm increases motility
- Sperm becomes capable of fertilization

29
Q

What are the two main cells involved in spermatogenesis and what are their roles?

A

Nurse:
-play a role in spermatogenesis
-Maintenance of blood air barrier
-Support of mitosis and meiosis
-Support of spermiogenesis
Leydig:
-produces testosterone

30
Q

When does oogenesis start in females?

A

before birth in utero

31
Q

What are the steps of oogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cell undergoes mitosis becoming primary oocytes
Primary oocytes enter meiosis I and arrest
They engaged in crossing over to exchange genetic material between sister chromatids
This all occurs before birth and doesn’t resume until puberty
(Meiosis I) Primary oocyte produces a secondary oocyte and 1 polar body (waste)
Each month, 1 primary oocyte completes meiosis I and is ovulated where it becomes a secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte enters meiosis II ( arrested during puberty )
Only gets completed if fertilized in uterine tube which produces a mature egg

32
Q

What are some of the barriers to fertilization?

A

Hostile environment, cervical mucus (blocks sperm), ova location, urerotubal junction (narrowest section), ciliated uterine tube (traps sperm)

33
Q

Explain the role of the acrosome reaction in fertilization.

A

Releases protein digesting enzymes to penetrate corona radiata and reach oocyte surface

34
Q

Why is oocyte activation important and how is polyspermy prevented?

A

Oocyte activation is important because it:
-Causes cortical rxn
-Completion of meiosis II and fertilization of 2nd polar body
-Activation of enzymes that increase metabolic rate

Polyspermy is prevented by:
-Cortical rxn: releases enzymes that inactivate sperm receptors and hardens zona pellucida

35
Q

What hormones are produced by the placenta and what is the function of each hormone?

A

progesterone

36
Q

What hormones are responsible for milk production and milk ejection?

A

prolaction: milk production
oxytocin: milk ejection

37
Q

Explain how the testis develop

A

SRY upregulates SOX9 which blocks PSPO1, beta-catenin, and WNT 4.

38
Q

Explain how the ovaries develop even though they are the default

A

RSPO1, beta-catenin, and WNT4 are active and block SOX9.

bms 300 (6 decks)

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