reproduction

Question 1

The testis moves from the _________________ to the ________________ during testicular descent.

Answer 1

abdominal cavity, scrotum

Question 2

Which of the following cells is a stem cell which allows sperm production to continue throughout life in the adult male?

Sperm
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatid
Spermatogonia

Answer 2

spermatogonia

Question 3

When does Meiosis I begin in males?

Answer 3

at puberty

Question 4

What cell produces testosterone?

Answer 4

leydig

Question 5

The blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between:

Answer 5

nurse cells

Question 6

The corpus luteum produces ______________, which maintains endometrium and inhibits ___________ release from the hypothalamus.

Answer 6

Progesterone, GnRH

Question 7

Which cells closely surround the oocyte and stimulate oogenesis?

Answer 7

granulosa

Question 8

What event is responsible for ovulation?

Answer 8

LH surge

Question 9

When does Meiosis I begin in females?

Answer 9

before birth in utero

Question 10

When an oocyte is ovulated, what stage of Meiosis is it arrested in?

Answer 10

meiosis II

Question 11

T/F: The cervix and the uterotubal junction (UTJ) are barriers to fertilization.

Answer 11

true

Question 12

T/F: Maternal and fetal blood mix regularly during gestation.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

The structure that invades the endometrium of the uterus is called a(n):

Answer 13

blastocyst

Question 14

The umbilical veins carry ________________ blood and the umbilical artery carries __________________ blood.

Answer 14

oxygenated, deoxygenated

Question 15

During pregnancy Estrogen and Progesterone inhibit __________________, which is responsible for milk production.

Answer 15

prolactin

Question 16

The presence of a 2nd polar body is evidence for:

Answer 16

fertilization and completion of meiosis II

Question 17

What is the most important hormone for maintaining pregnancy?

Answer 17

Progesterone

Question 18

When does the oocyte become a zygote?

Answer 18

When the male and female pronuclei fuse

Question 19

what is klinefelter’s syndrome chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, and phenotypic sex?

Answer 19

XXY, testes, wolffian duct with male external genital

Question 20

what is androgen insensitivity syndrome chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

Answer 20

XY, testes, no duct but female external genital

Question 21

what is turner’s syndrome chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

Answer 21

X0, ovary, mullarian ducts with female external genital

Question 22

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) chromosomal, gonadal, and phenotypic sex?

Answer 22

XX, ovary, mullarian AND wolffian duct with male external genital

Question 23

What are the differences in the end results of mitosis vs meiosis and why are they important?

Answer 23

Mitosis: produces 2 daughter cells that are identical from a single parent
Meiosis: produce cells that are unique from the parent and only contain half the DNA

Question 24

What are the three levels of sexual differentiation and what factors determine each level?

Answer 24

Chromosomal sex: genetics
Gonadal sex: genes
Phenotypic sex: reproductive tracts/hormones

Question 25

When does spermatogenesis start in males?

Answer 25

puberty

Question 26

What are the steps of spermatogenesis? Be sure to know the name of the developing sperm within each step.

Answer 26

Mitosis: spermatogonium ( primary spermatocyte 2 diploid) Primary spermatocyte enters meiosis I at puberty Divides into 2 secondary haploid spermatocytes Enter meiosis II which divides into 4 haploid spermatids Transitions to sperm (spermiogensis) which will end with spermatoza’s

Question 27

When is sperm mature?

Answer 27

At the last step of spermatogenesis

Question 28

What are the two steps of capacitation and when do they occur?

Answer 28

Occurs during spermatogensis when the sperm is leaving epididymis - Sperm increases motility - Sperm becomes capable of fertilization

Question 29

What are the two main cells involved in spermatogenesis and what are their roles?

Answer 29

Nurse: -play a role in spermatogenesis -Maintenance of blood air barrier -Support of mitosis and meiosis -Support of spermiogenesis Leydig: -produces testosterone

Question 30

When does oogenesis start in females?

Answer 30

before birth in utero

Question 31

What are the steps of oogenesis?

Answer 31

Primordial germ cell undergoes mitosis becoming primary oocytes Primary oocytes enter meiosis I and arrest They engaged in crossing over to exchange genetic material between sister chromatids This all occurs before birth and doesn’t resume until puberty (Meiosis I) Primary oocyte produces a secondary oocyte and 1 polar body (waste) Each month, 1 primary oocyte completes meiosis I and is ovulated where it becomes a secondary oocyte Secondary oocyte enters meiosis II ( arrested during puberty ) Only gets completed if fertilized in uterine tube which produces a mature egg

Question 32

What are some of the barriers to fertilization?

Answer 32

Hostile environment, cervical mucus (blocks sperm), ova location, urerotubal junction (narrowest section), ciliated uterine tube (traps sperm)

Question 33

Explain the role of the acrosome reaction in fertilization.

Answer 33

Releases protein digesting enzymes to penetrate corona radiata and reach oocyte surface

Question 34

Why is oocyte activation important and how is polyspermy prevented?

Answer 34

Oocyte activation is important because it: -Causes cortical rxn -Completion of meiosis II and fertilization of 2nd polar body -Activation of enzymes that increase metabolic rate Polyspermy is prevented by: -Cortical rxn: releases enzymes that inactivate sperm receptors and hardens zona pellucida

Question 35

What hormones are produced by the placenta and what is the function of each hormone?

Answer 35

progesterone

Question 36

What hormones are responsible for milk production and milk ejection?

Answer 36

prolaction: milk production oxytocin: milk ejection

Question 37

Explain how the testis develop

Answer 37

SRY upregulates SOX9 which blocks PSPO1, beta-catenin, and WNT 4.

Question 38

Explain how the ovaries develop even though they are the default

Answer 38

RSPO1, beta-catenin, and WNT4 are active and block SOX9.