reproduction

Question 1

a permanent change in the genetic material of a cell

Answer 1

mutation

Question 2

mutations usually affect…

Answer 2

individual cells

Question 3

mutations provide the ____ that are the basis of changes in a species.

Answer 3

variations

Question 4

mutations are often caused by _____ which are substances or conditions that cause or increase the rate of mutation.

Answer 4

mutagens

Question 5

what are some examples of mutagens.

Answer 5

High temperatures and radiation

Question 6

Chemicals, such as____ are mutagens

Answer 6

pesticides and food additives

Question 7

what types of rays can damage DNA?

Answer 7

X-rays and Gamma rays

Question 8

large amounts of _____ light can cause premature aging of the skin.

Answer 8

ultraviolet

Question 9

Mutation can occur in two basic ways:

Answer 9

Point mutation and frameshift mutation.

Question 10

A piece of chromosome breaks off and gets inserted backward:

Answer 10

Inversion

Question 11

A piece of a chromosome breaks off and inserts itself onto a non-homologous chromosome.

Answer 11

Translocation

Question 12

a piece of chromosome breaks off and gets lost

Answer 12

deletion

Question 13

inheriting only 1 chromosome instead of the normal pair.

Answer 13

monosomy

Question 14

inheriting 3 of a chromosome instead of a normal pair.

Answer 14

trisomy

Question 15

inheriting an extra set of sets of chromosomes (always lethal in animals).

Answer 15

polyploidy

Question 16

code for traits, but do not determine gender

Answer 16

autosomes

Question 17

determines gender

Answer 17

sex chromosomes

Question 18

only requires one gene to show trait

Answer 18

dominant trait

Question 19

usually requires two copies of the gene for it to be expressed

Answer 19

recessive trait

Question 20

female sex chromosomes

Answer 20

XX

Question 21

Male sex chromosomes

Answer 21

XY

Question 22

how many pairs of autosomes are in humans?

Answer 22

22

Question 23

what does the 23rd pair determine?

Answer 23

biological sex

Question 24

code for the same traits, but they can be expressed differently

Answer 24

homologous chromosomes

Question 25

permanent change in the genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 25

mutations

Question 26

incorrect substitution of a single base in a codon of a gene

Answer 26

point mutation

Question 27

a nitrogen base is inserted or deleted and causes a shift of the genetic code

Answer 27

frameshift mutation

Question 28

failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Answer 28

nondisjunction

Question 29

inheriting an entire extra set or sets of chromosomes

Answer 29

polyploidy

Question 30

fertilized egg cell

Answer 30

zygote

Question 31

formation of gametes

Answer 31

meiosis

Question 32

meiosis vs. mitosis

Answer 32

Meiosis: 2 cell divisions, cells are haploid, and crossing over occurs. Mitosis: 1 cell division, cells are diploid, and no crossing over

Question 33

sex cells, haploid

Answer 33

gametes

Question 34

body cells, diploid

Answer 34

somatic cells

Question 35

cells with half the normal chromosome number

Answer 35

haploid

Question 36

cells with normal pairs of all chromomsomes

Answer 36

diploid

Question 37

change of DNA with homologous chromosomes increased genetic diversity

Answer 37

crossing over

Question 38

represented by one percent of crossing over when crossing over occurs

Answer 38

map unit

Question 39

traits controlled by more than 1 gene. Ex: eye or hair color, or weight

Answer 39

polygenetic traits

Question 40

a segment of DNA. Ex: could determine eye/hair color, etc.

Answer 40

gene

Question 41

Autosomes vs. sex cells

Answer 41

autosomes could code for specific traits and sex chromosomes determine gender.

Question 42

what is an x-linked trait, and who is more likely to get it, examples:

Answer 42

traits carried on x-chromosomes. Men are more likely to have this because they don't have a second x chromosome to cover up the other. Color blindness and hemophilia.

Question 43

Cooley's or sickle cell anemia is caused by...

Answer 43

defective hemoglobin (blood)

Question 44

lacks an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine

Answer 44

PKU

Question 45

x-linked trait that leads to loss of muscle mass and usage

Answer 45

muscular dystrophy

Question 46

an autosomal dominant trait that frequently requires surgery of the arta

Answer 46

Marfan syndrome

Question 47

down syndrome is

Answer 47

trisomy 21

Question 48

klinefelter syndrome is

Answer 48

trisomy XXY

Question 49

turner syndrome is

Answer 49

monosomy X

Question 50

A recessive gene mutation that causes large amounts of sticky mucus to fill lungs and other organs (5 feet apart)

Answer 50

cystic fibrosis

Question 51

lack of an enzyme that breaks down milk sugars

Answer 51

galactosemia

Question 52

autosomal recessive trait that leads to death usually before the age of 3. Affects the brain

Answer 52

tay sacks

Question 53

an autosomal dominant trait that typically begins in the mid-30s and has no cure. Notable muscle jerks and seizures are common

Answer 53

Huntingtons disease

Question 54

x-linked disorder of the blood

Answer 54

hemophilia

Question 55

picture of a person's chromosomes used for genetic screening

Answer 55

karyotype

Question 56

progressive disease of the eye that eventually leads to total blindness

Answer 56

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 57

total number of chromosomes in a human somatic (body) cell

Answer 57

46

Question 58

total number of chromosomes found in a gamete

Answer 58

23