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reproduction Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

a permanent change in the genetic material of a cell

A

mutation

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2
Q

mutations usually affect…

A

individual cells

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3
Q

mutations provide the ____ that are the basis of changes in a species.

A

variations

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4
Q

mutations are often caused by _____ which are substances or conditions that cause or increase the rate of mutation.

A

mutagens

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5
Q

what are some examples of mutagens.

A

High temperatures and radiation

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6
Q

Chemicals, such as____ are mutagens

A

pesticides and food additives

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7
Q

what types of rays can damage DNA?

A

X-rays and Gamma rays

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8
Q

large amounts of _____ light can cause premature aging of the skin.

A

ultraviolet

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9
Q

Mutation can occur in two basic ways:

A

Point mutation and frameshift mutation.

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10
Q

A piece of chromosome breaks off and gets inserted backward:

A

Inversion

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11
Q

A piece of a chromosome breaks off and inserts itself onto a non-homologous chromosome.

A

Translocation

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12
Q

a piece of chromosome breaks off and gets lost

A

deletion

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13
Q

inheriting only 1 chromosome instead of the normal pair.

A

monosomy

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14
Q

inheriting 3 of a chromosome instead of a normal pair.

A

trisomy

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15
Q

inheriting an extra set of sets of chromosomes (always lethal in animals).

A

polyploidy

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16
Q

code for traits, but do not determine gender

A

autosomes

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17
Q

determines gender

A

sex chromosomes

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18
Q

only requires one gene to show trait

A

dominant trait

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19
Q

usually requires two copies of the gene for it to be expressed

A

recessive trait

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20
Q

female sex chromosomes

A

XX

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21
Q

Male sex chromosomes

A

XY

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22
Q

how many pairs of autosomes are in humans?

A

22

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23
Q

what does the 23rd pair determine?

A

biological sex

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24
Q

code for the same traits, but they can be expressed differently

A

homologous chromosomes

25
Q

permanent change in the genetic makeup of an organism

A

mutations

26
Q

incorrect substitution of a single base in a codon of a gene

A

point mutation

27
Q

a nitrogen base is inserted or deleted and causes a shift of the genetic code

A

frameshift mutation

28
Q

failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis

A

nondisjunction

29
Q

inheriting an entire extra set or sets of chromosomes

A

polyploidy

30
Q

fertilized egg cell

A

zygote

31
Q

formation of gametes

A

meiosis

32
Q

meiosis vs. mitosis

A

Meiosis: 2 cell divisions, cells are haploid, and crossing over occurs.
Mitosis: 1 cell division, cells are diploid, and no crossing over

33
Q

sex cells, haploid

A

gametes

34
Q

body cells, diploid

A

somatic cells

35
Q

cells with half the normal chromosome number

A

haploid

36
Q

cells with normal pairs of all chromomsomes

A

diploid

37
Q

change of DNA with homologous chromosomes increased genetic diversity

A

crossing over

38
Q

represented by one percent of crossing over when crossing over occurs

A

map unit

39
Q

traits controlled by more than 1 gene. Ex: eye or hair color, or weight

A

polygenetic traits

40
Q

a segment of DNA. Ex: could determine eye/hair color, etc.

A

gene

41
Q

Autosomes vs. sex cells

A

autosomes could code for specific traits and sex chromosomes determine gender.

42
Q

what is an x-linked trait, and who is more likely to get it, examples:

A

traits carried on x-chromosomes. Men are more likely to have this because they don’t have a second x chromosome to cover up the other. Color blindness and hemophilia.

43
Q

Cooley’s or sickle cell anemia is caused by…

A

defective hemoglobin (blood)

44
Q

lacks an enzyme that breaks down phenylalanine

A

PKU

45
Q

x-linked trait that leads to loss of muscle mass and usage

A

muscular dystrophy

46
Q

an autosomal dominant trait that frequently requires surgery of the arta

A

Marfan syndrome

47
Q

down syndrome is

A

trisomy 21

48
Q

klinefelter syndrome is

A

trisomy XXY

49
Q

turner syndrome is

A

monosomy X

50
Q

A recessive gene mutation that causes large amounts of sticky mucus to fill lungs and other organs (5 feet apart)

A

cystic fibrosis

51
Q

lack of an enzyme that breaks down milk sugars

A

galactosemia

52
Q

autosomal recessive trait that leads to death usually before the age of 3. Affects the brain

A

tay sacks

53
Q

an autosomal dominant trait that typically begins in the mid-30s and has no cure. Notable muscle jerks and seizures are common

A

Huntingtons disease

54
Q

x-linked disorder of the blood

A

hemophilia

55
Q

picture of a person’s chromosomes used for genetic screening

A

karyotype

56
Q

progressive disease of the eye that eventually leads to total blindness

A

retinitis pigmentosa

57
Q

total number of chromosomes in a human somatic (body) cell

A

46

58
Q

total number of chromosomes found in a gamete

A

23

Biology (4 decks)

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