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Biology Honors Midterm > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • One parent
  • No repro. organs
  • No genetic variation
  • Mitosis and Cytokinesis
  • Binary Fission, Budding, Spores, Regeneration, Vegetative Propagation
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2
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents
Sex cells
Meiosis
Genetic variation = Survival of species

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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Lower Organisms

A

Conjugation

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4
Q

Conjugation

A

Has conjugation bridge (union of their cytoplasms)
Exchange of genetic material (DNA)
No male/female
Bacteria, paramecia, spirogyra

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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

A

Have male and female
Have sex organs (Gonads)
–> Ovaries-Ova or eggs (Haploid)
–> Testes-Sperm (Haploid)

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6
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Ovaries and testes in same animal
in slow or sessile organisms (worm, hydra, snail)
Self fertilization rare

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7
Q

How are gametes made?

A

Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

produces 4 functional gametes

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9
Q

Oogenesis

A

Produces 1 functional gamete

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10
Q

Sperm

A

Small
Many
Mobile (flagella; 1-4mm/min)
Complex shape
Many mitochondria to power up tail
has 24 hrs to find egg
Acrosome –> head of sperm; there are digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Egg

A

Larger
Few
Nonmobile
Found
May have yolk (HUMAN EGGS DON’T HAVE YOLK)

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12
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm swim to egg
Sperm releases enzymes to make hole in egg
Sperm injects nucleus into egg (fertilization event)
Fertilization membrane form around egg
No future fertilzation
Joining of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus
Form diploid zygote (fertilized egg)

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13
Q

Where can fertilization happen?

A

Outside female (External fertilization)
Inside female (internal fertilization)

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14
Q

External Fertilization

A

Female releases eggs in water
Male releases sperm in water
Sperm find eggs
Many gametes made!
Spawning behavior or Amplexus

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15
Q

Problems with External Fertilization

A

Maybe the sperm wasn’t released @ the right time
Something else eats your eggs
Current takes the sperm away from the eggs?

SOLUTION:
Produces many eggs!

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16
Q

Spawning of Salmon

A

Mass reproduction event
Parents give birth & drop dead
To have the innate ability to go back to one’s birthplace to mate

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17
Q

Amplexus

A

Frog hug
Can be in water or land

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18
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Safer
Terrestrial animals and some aquatic
Need moist female repro. tract
Fewer eggs needed
Short life span of gametes (24 hrs)
Need specialized organs
Timed release of gametes (Hormonal = Land dwelling animals)

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19
Q

Adult with no fertilization?

A

Parthenogenesis
Egg develops without sperm (unfertilized egg)
insects
Unfertilized eggs of queen bee = male drone (sole purpose = to mate with queen)
Fertilized eggs of queen bee = female workers or queens (to do all of the work)

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20
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A

Development
Embryology = Study of embryo development

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21
Q

Stages of Development

A

Cleavage
Gastrulation
Differentiation

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22
Q

Cleavage

A

Mitotic cell divisions
2 cells, 4, 8…morula = solid ball of cells
No growth in cell size (cells get smaller)
The embryo remaining the same size individually; the cells get smaller

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23
Q

Blastula stage

A

Ball hollows out and has fluid in core (Blastocoel)
Cleavage!
Future body cavity for all the creature’s organs

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24
Q

Gastrulation

A

Growth in cell size
Embryo changes shape (cells migrate)

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25
Q

Gastrula

A

Has 3 primary layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm)
First tissues of body

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26
Q

Ectoderm

A

External cells
on the outside of your body

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27
Q

Endoderm

A

Internal cells
Everywhere else

28
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle of ecto and endo
middle; muscles

29
Q

Blastopore

A

Becomes the anus

30
Q

Differentiation

A

Embryonic cells become specialized
Embryonic Induction = “organizers” influence cells to take on a certain role in life
Where cell is located with

31
Q

As a cell gets older,

A

it gets limited in what its going to be in life

32
Q

External development

A

Water
Embryo feeds on yolk
Wastes and Oxygen exchange via
diffusion
Little to no care, dangerous
Ex. Many fish
Less than 2% of fish are Mouth-
brooders (takes their babies into mouth and protect them)
Fertilized eggs protected in
mouth

33
Q

Yolk

A

Food resource; what the embryo feeds on
human embryos don’t have yolk b/c the mom directly gives the embryo nutrients

34
Q

External development

A

Land
Embryo feeds on yolk in a SHELLED egg
Pores in shell for gas exchange
Ex. Reptiles (Leathery Shell)- leave eggs
Ex. Birds (Hard Shell)- protect eggs

35
Q

Extraembyronic membranes of Bird Eggs

A

Yolk sac = Nutrients
Amnion = shock absorption
Allantois = metabolic waste storage and gas exchange
Chorion = under shell, gas exchange

36
Q

Internal Development

A

Some organisms; nutrients mostly from yolk and babies born self-sufficient
Others: development in womb (Uterus)
High protection
Little yolk, nutrients from mom
Born undeveloped
Mammals continue to feed via mammary glands

37
Q

Placental Animals

A

Have placenta = site of nutrient and waste exchange between mom and baby
Baby side and mom side with space between
No blood-blood contact

38
Q

You make blood via…

A

bone marrow

39
Q

Nonplacental

A

Egg-laying mammals (External Development)
Monotremes
Ex. Spiny anteater and duckbill
platypus
Eggs with yolk develop outside
Babies feed on mammary
gland milk

40
Q

Nonplacental

A

Pouched mammals (Marsupials)
Some internal development
Poorly developed babies born and remain in a pouch feeding on milk
Ex. Opposm, Kangaroo

41
Q

Parts of a Penis

A

Testes
Epidiymis
Vas deferens
Uretha
Glands

42
Q

Testes

A

Seminiferous tubules
Sperm production
Testosterone production
In scrotum sac

43
Q

Epididymis

A

Sperm storage and maturation site

44
Q

Vas deferens

A

Sperm ducts

45
Q

Urethra

A

Exit route for sperm through penis

46
Q

Glands

A

Seminal vesicles = thick, nutrient-rich fluid
Cowper’s Gland (Bulbourethral glands) = pre-ejaculation lubricant
Prostate Gland = milky, alkaline fluid
(Semen is sperm and fluid)

47
Q

Human female reproductive system

A

Ovaries
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina

48
Q

Ovaries

A

Matures eggs located in follicle sacs
Make estrogen
Usually one egg matures/month
Mature egg ovulated
Eggs enters oviducts

49
Q

Oviduct

A

Site of fertilzation

50
Q

Uterus

A

Site of embryo development

51
Q

Cervix

A

Doorway into Uterus

52
Q

Vagina

A

Birth canal and sperm receiving area

53
Q

Fertilization

A

Hundreds of millions of sperm ejaculated into vagina
Fertilization in oviduct
(in vitro ((petrei dish)) vs. vivo fertilzation)

54
Q

Chorion

A

Surrounds other membranes
Chorionic villi
Villi + uterine wall = placenta
Placenta = Nutrient exchange, no blood-blood contact
Amnion = Surronds fetus
Amnionitc Fluid-shock
Yolk Sac and Allantosis develop into umbilical cord

55
Q

Birth

A

Gestation Time = Time in womb
9 months for humans
20 days for mouse
21 months for elephant
Labor
Uterine contractions
Cervix enlargement
Amnion breaks
Baby’s head out first
Afterbirth
Placenta comes out

56
Q

Embyro

A

Zygote from fertilization till 8 weeks

57
Q

Fetus

A

8 weeks-birth

58
Q

Stages of Menstrual Cycle

A

Follicle Stage
Ovulation
Corpus Luteum Stage
Menstruation

59
Q

Follicle Stage

A

FSH from Pituitary matures one follicle
Follicle secretes Estrogen
Estrogen enhances Uterine Lining
High Estrogen levels inhibit Pit. From secreting FSH
Pit. Starts to secrete LH
Days 1-13

60
Q

Ovulation

A

High levels of LH cause egg to pop out of follicle
Day 14

61
Q

Corpous Luteum Stage

A

Ruptured follicle (ie. “corpus luteum”) releases Progesterone
Progesterone maintains uterine lining (Hormone of Pregnancy)
Progesterone inhibits FSH release

62
Q

Menstruation

A

If no fertilization:
LH levels drop
Corpus luteum breaks down
Progesterone levels drop
Estrogen levels drop
Uterine lining shed
FSH no longer inhibited
Start maturing a new follicle

63
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle
Other have Estrous cycle

64
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle
Other have Estrous cycle

64
Q

Estrous Cycle

A

Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle
Other have Estrous cycle
Periodic changes in female sex organs
Periodic desire to mate
Seasonally fertility (In heat)

Biology Honors Midterm (2 decks)

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