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Biology Honors Midterm > Reproduction > Flashcards

Reproduction Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A
  • One parent
  • No repro. organs
  • No genetic variation
  • Mitosis and Cytokinesis
  • Binary Fission, Budding, Spores, Regeneration, Vegetative Propagation
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2
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Two parents
Sex cells
Meiosis
Genetic variation = Survival of species

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3
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Lower Organisms

A

Conjugation

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4
Q

Conjugation

A

Has conjugation bridge (union of their cytoplasms)
Exchange of genetic material (DNA)
No male/female
Bacteria, paramecia, spirogyra

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5
Q

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

A

Have male and female
Have sex organs (Gonads)
–> Ovaries-Ova or eggs (Haploid)
–> Testes-Sperm (Haploid)

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6
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Ovaries and testes in same animal
in slow or sessile organisms (worm, hydra, snail)
Self fertilization rare

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7
Q

How are gametes made?

A

Oogenesis
Spermatogenesis

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8
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

produces 4 functional gametes

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9
Q

Oogenesis

A

Produces 1 functional gamete

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10
Q

Sperm

A

Small
Many
Mobile (flagella; 1-4mm/min)
Complex shape
Many mitochondria to power up tail
has 24 hrs to find egg
Acrosome –> head of sperm; there are digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Egg

A

Larger
Few
Nonmobile
Found
May have yolk (HUMAN EGGS DON’T HAVE YOLK)

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12
Q

Fertilization

A

Sperm swim to egg
Sperm releases enzymes to make hole in egg
Sperm injects nucleus into egg (fertilization event)
Fertilization membrane form around egg
No future fertilzation
Joining of sperm nucleus and egg nucleus
Form diploid zygote (fertilized egg)

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13
Q

Where can fertilization happen?

A

Outside female (External fertilization)
Inside female (internal fertilization)

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14
Q

External Fertilization

A

Female releases eggs in water
Male releases sperm in water
Sperm find eggs
Many gametes made!
Spawning behavior or Amplexus

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15
Q

Problems with External Fertilization

A

Maybe the sperm wasn’t released @ the right time
Something else eats your eggs
Current takes the sperm away from the eggs?

SOLUTION:
Produces many eggs!

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16
Q

Spawning of Salmon

A

Mass reproduction event
Parents give birth & drop dead
To have the innate ability to go back to one’s birthplace to mate

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17
Q

Amplexus

A

Frog hug
Can be in water or land

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18
Q

Internal Fertilization

A

Safer
Terrestrial animals and some aquatic
Need moist female repro. tract
Fewer eggs needed
Short life span of gametes (24 hrs)
Need specialized organs
Timed release of gametes (Hormonal = Land dwelling animals)

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19
Q

Adult with no fertilization?

A

Parthenogenesis
Egg develops without sperm (unfertilized egg)
insects
Unfertilized eggs of queen bee = male drone (sole purpose = to mate with queen)
Fertilized eggs of queen bee = female workers or queens (to do all of the work)

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20
Q

What happens after fertilization?

A

Development
Embryology = Study of embryo development

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21
Q

Stages of Development

A

Cleavage
Gastrulation
Differentiation

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22
Q

Cleavage

A

Mitotic cell divisions
2 cells, 4, 8…morula = solid ball of cells
No growth in cell size (cells get smaller)
The embryo remaining the same size individually; the cells get smaller

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23
Q

Blastula stage

A

Ball hollows out and has fluid in core (Blastocoel)
Cleavage!
Future body cavity for all the creature’s organs

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24
Q

Gastrulation

A

Growth in cell size
Embryo changes shape (cells migrate)

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25
Gastrula
Has 3 primary layers (Ectoderm, Mesoderm, Endoderm) First tissues of body
26
Ectoderm
External cells on the outside of your body
27
Endoderm
Internal cells Everywhere else
28
Mesoderm
Middle of ecto and endo middle; muscles
29
Blastopore
Becomes the anus
30
Differentiation
Embryonic cells become specialized Embryonic Induction = "organizers" influence cells to take on a certain role in life Where cell is located with
31
As a cell gets older,
it gets limited in what its going to be in life
32
External development
Water Embryo feeds on yolk Wastes and Oxygen exchange via diffusion Little to no care, dangerous Ex. Many fish Less than 2% of fish are Mouth- brooders (takes their babies into mouth and protect them) Fertilized eggs protected in mouth
33
Yolk
Food resource; what the embryo feeds on human embryos don't have yolk b/c the mom directly gives the embryo nutrients
34
External development
Land Embryo feeds on yolk in a SHELLED egg Pores in shell for gas exchange Ex. Reptiles (Leathery Shell)- leave eggs Ex. Birds (Hard Shell)- protect eggs
35
Extraembyronic membranes of Bird Eggs
Yolk sac = Nutrients Amnion = shock absorption Allantois = metabolic waste storage and gas exchange Chorion = under shell, gas exchange
36
Internal Development
Some organisms; nutrients mostly from yolk and babies born self-sufficient Others: development in womb (Uterus) High protection Little yolk, nutrients from mom Born undeveloped Mammals continue to feed via mammary glands
37
Placental Animals
Have placenta = site of nutrient and waste exchange between mom and baby Baby side and mom side with space between No blood-blood contact
38
You make blood via...
bone marrow
39
Nonplacental
Egg-laying mammals (External Development) Monotremes Ex. Spiny anteater and duckbill platypus Eggs with yolk develop outside Babies feed on mammary gland milk
40
Nonplacental
Pouched mammals (Marsupials) Some internal development Poorly developed babies born and remain in a pouch feeding on milk Ex. Opposm, Kangaroo
41
Parts of a Penis
Testes Epidiymis Vas deferens Uretha Glands
42
Testes
Seminiferous tubules Sperm production Testosterone production In scrotum sac
43
Epididymis
Sperm storage and maturation site
44
Vas deferens
Sperm ducts
45
Urethra
Exit route for sperm through penis
46
Glands
Seminal vesicles = thick, nutrient-rich fluid Cowper's Gland (Bulbourethral glands) = pre-ejaculation lubricant Prostate Gland = milky, alkaline fluid (Semen is sperm and fluid)
47
Human female reproductive system
Ovaries Oviduct Uterus Cervix Vagina
48
Ovaries
Matures eggs located in follicle sacs Make estrogen Usually one egg matures/month Mature egg ovulated Eggs enters oviducts
49
Oviduct
Site of fertilzation
50
Uterus
Site of embryo development
51
Cervix
Doorway into Uterus
52
Vagina
Birth canal and sperm receiving area
53
Fertilization
Hundreds of millions of sperm ejaculated into vagina Fertilization in oviduct (in vitro ((petrei dish)) vs. vivo fertilzation)
54
Chorion
Surrounds other membranes Chorionic villi Villi + uterine wall = placenta Placenta = Nutrient exchange, no blood-blood contact Amnion = Surronds fetus Amnionitc Fluid-shock Yolk Sac and Allantosis develop into umbilical cord
55
Birth
Gestation Time = Time in womb 9 months for humans 20 days for mouse 21 months for elephant Labor Uterine contractions Cervix enlargement Amnion breaks Baby's head out first Afterbirth Placenta comes out
56
Embyro
Zygote from fertilization till 8 weeks
57
Fetus
8 weeks-birth
58
Stages of Menstrual Cycle
Follicle Stage Ovulation Corpus Luteum Stage Menstruation
59
Follicle Stage
FSH from Pituitary matures one follicle Follicle secretes Estrogen Estrogen enhances Uterine Lining High Estrogen levels inhibit Pit. From secreting FSH Pit. Starts to secrete LH Days 1-13
60
Ovulation
High levels of LH cause egg to pop out of follicle Day 14
61
Corpous Luteum Stage
Ruptured follicle (ie. “corpus luteum”) releases Progesterone Progesterone maintains uterine lining (Hormone of Pregnancy) Progesterone inhibits FSH release
62
Menstruation
If no fertilization: LH levels drop Corpus luteum breaks down Progesterone levels drop Estrogen levels drop Uterine lining shed FSH no longer inhibited Start maturing a new follicle
63
Estrous Cycle
Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle Other have Estrous cycle
64
Estrous Cycle
Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle Other have Estrous cycle
64
Estrous Cycle
Only humans and other primates have menstrual cycle Other have Estrous cycle Periodic changes in female sex organs Periodic desire to mate Seasonally fertility (In heat)

Biology Honors Midterm (2 decks)

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