Biology Honors MIDTERM Flashcards

Question

Recombinant DNA

Answer 1

DNA that has been altered

Answer 2

Bacterial thing; gives animal genes that they never had

Answer 3

Anything that takes up space and has weight

Answer 4

Smallest unit of matter

Answer 5

Same atomic number but vary in mass; atomic number = protons which = electrons

Answer 6

Substance made of one type of atom

Answer 7

Unstable nucleus; emits charged particles & radiation; used as biological tracers

Answer 8

Valence energy (inner perfect = 2)

Answer 9

Perfect number

Answer 10

The union of elements that connected via covalent bonds

Answer 11

Opposites are attracted to each other (hydrogen bonds)

Answer 12

Composed of two atoms of the same element

Answer 13

Single bond; double bond (covalent bond)

Answer 14

When compounds interact, new compounds are formed (NEED WATERR!!!! because you need a solvent)

Answer 15

No dissolving seen; mixture separates upon standing (sand in the pool); add two things to each other and they will separate b/c of time)

Answer 16

Matter cannot be created or destroyed

Answer 17

Substances physically mixed with no new chemical bonds formed; all members retain their usual properties

Answer 18

Solvent and Solute: Salt and water; Sugar and water; Sugar and tea; Hot choco. and milk

Answer 19

Dissolves solute (water)

Answer 20

Dissolves in solvent (liquid, solid, or gas)

Answer 21

Particles are too light to remain suspended (ex. milk, cream, & carbon).

Answer 22

Sour taste; in solution, releases H+ (Hydrogen) ions; HCI ------> H+ + CI- BLUE TO RED

Answer 23

Slippery feel; in solution, releases OH- (Hydroxide); NaOH -----> Na+ + OH-; RED TO BLUE

Answer 24

Acid + Base ---> Salt and water

Answer 25

The negative log in concentration; the lower the #, the more acidic; the higher the #, the more basic

Answer 26

Substance/molecule having carbon and hyrdogen

Answer 27

Glucose (C6H12O6), CH4 (Methane), CH3CH2OH (Ethanol, Alcohol)

Answer 28

H20, CO2, H2SO4, NaCI

Answer 29

The ability of water to stick to each other (water is attracted to each other because of H bonds...ex. water drop shape and surface tension)

Answer 30

Water molecules are attracted to substances other than water (sticks to other things...ex. capillary action)

Answer 31

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids

Answer 32

C,H,O; H:O ration = 2:1; monomer = monosaccharides (simle sugar); the energy role in life

Answer 33

Glucose, fructose & galactose; some molecular formula (C6H12O8) but arranged differently (ISOMER)

Answer 34

In which two or more organic compounds have the same molecular formula but different structures

Answer 35

A double sugar; Maltose, Sucrose & Lactose

Answer 36

Composed of 2 glucose connected by an o-bridge

Answer 37

Composed of glucose and fructose + connected by an o-bridge

Answer 38

Composed of glucose and galactose (milk, sugar) and is connected by an o-bridge

Answer 39

Many (>20) simple sugars connected (polymer); starch, cellouse, chitin, & glycogen

Answer 40

Potato + Corn starch Cell wall in plant Exo-skeleton in bugs

Answer 41

"animal starch"; how we store our polysaccharides; our cells utilize glucose to create energy, yet, our cells warehouse that glucose in Glycogen

Answer 42

C12H22011 (not double because we lost one H2O molecule via o-bridge)

Answer 43

Lose water to build something bigger; how we connect monomers

Answer 44

Glycosidic linkage (everytime monosacccharides are formed, a water molecule is formed)

Answer 45

Breaking something apart by using water (how we break apart polymers)

Answer 46

C,H,O; H:O ratio MUCH greater than 2:1; fats, oils, waxes, steroids& terpenes

Answer 47

Monomer of lipids BUT only went connected to other monomers; 3 hydro-carbons with 3 hydroxyl groups

Answer 48

Monomer of lipids; chain of hydro-carbons w/ a carboxyl group @ the end; saturated and unsaturated

Answer 49

When formed, we lose 3 molecules of water; composed of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

Answer 50

Two fatty acids, a glycerol unit with a phosphate group (polymer)

Answer 51

Butter, lard, whole milk, other animal products; rich diet leads to increased cholesterol, heart disease and arteriosclerosis

Answer 52

Necessary to live, yet, too much - bad

Answer 53

Add hydrogen to liquid; unsaturated fats to make them solid saturated fats

Answer 54

The tendency of an atom to attract electrons towards itself

Answer 55

One phosphorous & 4 O atoms

Answer 56

C,H,O,N; Makes up cartilage, bone, muscles, hormones, antibodies & enzymes; NEED to function

Answer 57

Monomer of protein (same thing)

Answer 58

Combination of two functional groups attached to a single carbon atom (COOH)

Answer 59

N to Carbon

Answer 60

Chain of amino acids

Answer 61

Peptides connected by peptide bonds

Answer 62

Alpha-Helix and/or Beta pleated sheet strucutre held by Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 63

Give overall shape of the protein as globular or fibrous held together by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic/hydrophilic, ionic bonds, disulfide bonds

Answer 64

Multiple polypeptides chains connected

Answer 65

Type of proteins that act as a biological catalysts (very specific)

Answer 66

C,H,O,N; Genetic Material

Answer 67

Monomer of Nucleic Acids: DNA and RNA

Answer 68

Deoxyribonucleic Acid, genetic material, from parent to child: TAGC

Answer 69

Ribonucleic Acid, rough copy of RNA (UAGC)

Answer 70

the release of energy stored in food; the released energy is stored in molecules of ATP

Answer 71

Glucose + oxygen gas --> carbon + water + ATP (energy); eukaryotes

Answer 72

Glucose ---> Lactic Acid or Ethyl Alcohol & CO2 + 2 ATP; Prokaryotes

Answer 73

A molecule loses electrons or H Atoms (how you pull apart a glucose molecule)

Answer 74

A molecule gains electrons or H atoms (how you pull apart a glucose molecule)

Answer 75

Enzyme that converts a molecule into an isomer

Answer 76

Enzymes that transfer Hs

Answer 77

Transfer phosphate groups

Answer 78

Switch hitters (does both respirations depending if O is present)

Answer 79

Only do anaerobic respiration & will die in the presence of O

Answer 80

Capture sunlight energy and convert it into the chemical energy stored in glucose

Answer 81

Bundles of light

Answer 82

Help in Grana; need sunlight or Red or Blue light

Answer 83

Calvin cycle; held in Strama; Can occur day or night goes around 6 times to make glucose

Answer 84

Molecules move from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration until equilibrium; no energy needed; need a concentration gradient

Answer 85

Passive-no energy needed but required transport proteins; need gradient

Answer 86

Diffusion of water; goes from high water concentration to low water concentration OR low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Answer 87

Contains more solute than something else water is hypertonic to the organisms living in it

Answer 88

Contains less solute than something else

Answer 89

Contains the same amount of solute as something else

Answer 90

Flaccid --> Floppy Turgid --> swollen and hard Shriveled --> Kills the plant

Answer 91

Requires Energy (ie. Need ATPs) Move materials against a concentration gradient

Answer 92

Transporting things into a cell; Pinocytosis and Phagocytosis

Answer 93

Taking small amounts of things into a cell via vesicles

Answer 94

Taking large solid materials into a cell via food vacuoles

Answer 95

One molecule of DNAA wrapped around Histones

Answer 96

Doubled chromosomes

Answer 97

No density dependent Inhibitation; don't respond to normal "off signals", uncontrolled replication of cells

Answer 98

"Gas"; code for proteins that enhance cell division

Answer 99

"Brakes"; code for proteins that inhibit cell division

Answer 100

Chromosomes that have info. on how to build a body

Answer 101

Chromosomes that look similar & have the same genetic info (genes for eye color)

Answer 102

Has a mom & dad version of each chromosome: 2n; Most body cells

Answer 103

Has either a mom or dad chromosome; n; Gametes (Sperm and egg)

Answer 104

Alleles segregate or separate during meiosis and can come together in different pairings

Answer 105

Traits are usually inherited independent of each other -- linked genes are an exception

Answer 106

All plants are made of cells

Answer 107

All animals are made of cells

Answer 108

Cells can only come from preexisting cells

Answer 109

Cellular control center Surrounded by a nuclear membrane Holds Nucleolus (Nucleoli) = have a role in ribosome synthesis Holds Nucleoplasm has DNA

Answer 110

Network of chemicals for transport of proteins contains ribosomes proteins fold here

Answer 111

synthesize proteins large and small subunits

Answer 112

make a rough copy of segment of blueprints (mRNA) mRNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pore mRNA binds Free or ER ribosome Ribosome makes protein

Answer 113

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 114

Important in lipid synthesis for membranes

Answer 115

Transport Vesicle

Answer 116

Stack of flat sacs Processing, sorting, packaging, shipping, modifying proteins with carbs or lipids

Answer 117

(not an organelle) Mostly water Place where most organelles are found Place for chemical for chemical reactions

Answer 118

Performs cellular respiration Converts sugar into energy "Powerhouse" of cell HAS OWN DNA AND CAN REPLICATE INDEPENDENTLY

Answer 119

Garbage can of the cell Can be involved with defense Can be involved with development

Answer 120

Similar to lysosomes Break down substances Produces Hydrogen peroxide as a waste product but then breaks it down

Answer 121

"Pac-men" who gobble cytoplasm with worn our proteins and organelles and brings it to the lysosome Defense role against bacteria and viruses

Answer 122

Suicidal Cells

Answer 123

Small but numerous Mainly in plants and protists In animal cells Storage functions (pigments, food, toxins, wastes) Digestive functions Water balance

Answer 124

Stomach of the celll

Answer 125

(in plant cells) storage water balance

Answer 126

(in plant cells) storage water balance

Answer 127

Microtubules Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments

Answer 128

Provides cell shape Organelle anchors and molecular motors Make up centrioles Movement of cilia and flagella

Answer 129

Anchor Chromatin Anchorage and Reinforcement Rods inside Nucleus

Answer 130

Involved with cellular division 2 barrel like structures Located in centrosome region Made of Microtubules Not found in plant cells 9 Triplet pattern

Answer 131

Found only in photosynthetic cells) Leucoplasts=storage site for nutrients Chromoplasts=pigment storage sites Ex. Chloroplast filled with chlorophyll

Answer 132

Site of Photosynthesis Has own DNA and can replicate independently GRANA and STROMA

Answer 133

Short, numerous Involved with cell movement Connected to cell via a basal body Have a 9+2 microtubule arrangement

Answer 134

Usually 1 or 2 per cell Long Can be in front or back of cell Connected via basal body 9+2 pattern of microtubules

Answer 135

Holds in cytoplasm Selectively Permeable Components: Phospholipids=Hydrophobic barrier Cholesterol=provide fluidity Proteins=transport Channels/Carriers), receptors, enzymes, anchors Carbohydrates=cell signaling (self/nonself)

Answer 136

Network of fibrous collagen, and glycoproteins Connected to cytoskeleton via Integrin proteins in membrane Gives support, strength and resilience

Answer 137

Nucleus, ER LUMEN, RIBOSOMES, ER MEMBRANE, TRANSPORT VESICLES, GOLGI LUMEN AND LYSOSOMES

Answer 138

Cell wall Chloroplasts No centrioles One, large vacuole

Answer 139

In bacteria, yeast, and plant cells Exterior to plasama membrane Provides shape and protection Made of ceolllose in plant cells

Answer 140

In bacteria, yeast, and plant cells Exterior to plasama membrane Provides shape and protection

Answer 141

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts evolved from bacteria that were gobbled up by an ancient Cell.

Answer 142

Mitochondria and Chloroplast have own DNA They can replicate independent Same size as present bacteria They have own ribosomes and are bacterial-like

Answer 143

Lipid-like molecules Small uncharged molecules (ex. H20, CO2, 02,amino acids) Some small molecules can cross freely but need a helper membrane transport protein (ex. Glucose) Charged substances also need help to cross Large molecules like polymers can’t cross

Answer 144

NAD+ (1 H) and FAD (2 H)

Answer 145

1) Glycolysis 2) FERMENTATION (Primitive)

Answer 146

Start with one molecule of glucose Need to use 2 ATPs to start reaction Form 2 NADH Form 4 ATPs (so net 2 ATPs) Form 2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules (3 Carbons) Occurs in the cytoplasm

Answer 147

Ethyl Alcohol Yeast and bacteria Lactic Bacteria and muscle fatigue

Answer 148

Glycolysis Pyruvic Acid Breakdown Krebs Cycle Chemiosmosis and the Electron Transport Chain

Answer 149

Starts with 2 Pyruvic Acid Molecules (3 carbons) 2 NADH/Glucose Molecule/Pyruvic Acid 2 CO2/Glucose Molecule/Pyruvic Acid occurs in the mitochondrial matrix

Answer 150

Occurs in Matrix Region of Mitochondrion 6 NADH/Glucose Molecule 2 FADH2/Glucose Molecule 2 ATP/ Glucose Molecule

Answer 151

occurs in the inner membrane cristae of the mitochondria ETC Starts: H+s of (FADH2 and NADH) Ends: Loses all energy and combines with O to form H2O Starts: NADHS and FADH2S Process produces about 32 ATP

Answer 152

Pushes water out so fresh water organism can breath

Answer 153

Recognizes the shape of the protein and it lets in/out the cell but if somethings not a protein, it won't let it in/out

Answer 154

In bacteria, if lactose is not present, a repressor will bind to the operator, and the operator will not work. If lactose is present, it will bind to the repressor and the repressor will change shape and fall off the operon, allowing the operon to work.

Answer 155

Most of the time a cell is in Interphase (90% of time) G1 Phase= Cell metabolizes, replicates organelles, increases in volume S Phase= Doubles its DNA G2 Phase= Increases more in size, replicates enzymes and other proteins

Answer 156

Binary Fission Budding Spore Formation Regeneration

Answer 157

Bulbs Corms Tublers Runner Rhizome

Answer 158

cuttings layering grafting

Answer 159

Cytoplasm divides

Answer 160

1. Define Problem 2. Formulate Hypothesis 3. Test Hypothesis -Write out the materials and methods needed Need Positive and Negative Controls 4. Collect Data: Display in form of graph or table or photo in a “Results” section of a scientific paper 5. Analyze data and make conclusions about data in a “Conclusions” section of a scientific paper

Answer 161

Chromatin twists tight and thus thickens and shortens Chromatin now appear as Chromosomes Nucleolus disappears Nuclear Membrane breaks down Centriole pairs move to poles of cell Spindle fibers form out of centrioles and bind to kinetochore of sister chromatids

Answer 162

Chromosomes line up at the equator of cell (i.e.. metaphase plate) Spindle Fibers are attached to each sister chromatid via kinetochore on chromatid

Answer 163

Centromere region comes apart Sister chromatids pulled away from each other Each sister is now a full-fledged chromosome

Answer 164

Nuclear membranes reform Centriole pairs at the extreme poles Cleavage furrow or cell plate forms Nucleolus reappears in each new cell Spindle fibers recede

Answer 165

Same like Mitosis Prophase except here you have “Synapsis” and “Crossing-Over” of homologous pairs of chromosomes Genetic Recombination

Answer 166

After they find eachother, they do criss cross and give a big “hug”; parts of both chromosomes break off and give theirselves to the contradicting chromosome.

Answer 167

When they find eachother and come together

Answer 168

Miss-mash our genetics; makes offsprings different as compared to eachother

Answer 169

Homologous Pairs lining up at equator and not individual sister chromatids

Answer 170

Homologous Pairs separate and NOT sister chromatids

Answer 171

Miss-mash our genetics; makes offsprings different as compared to eachother

Answer 172

A system where two atoms are sharing one electron

Answer 173

When two opposite unstable charged atoms come together and share electrons with each other (b/c of electrostatic interaction)

Answer 174

Between the two Ss of the RSSR

Answer 175

Electrostatic Interaction (negative and positive charge) Inter molecular bond (between different molecules)

Answer 176

Intra molecular bonds (between the same molecules)

Answer 177

for the many qualities of water we are accustomed to; like boiling water (must break h-bonds) and surface tension

Answer 178

Ionic compound Na+ and Cl-

Answer 179

Simple Microscope

Answer 180

Compound Microscope

Answer 181

Cell theory

Answer 182

discovered jumping genes

Answer 183

Bacterial transformation with “factors” Transform S bacteria to R bacteria Avery, MacLeod and McCarty (1944) The “factor” was DNA Hershey and Chase (1944) Worked with viruses (bacteriophages) DNA carries genetic instructions Watson and Crick (Rose Franklin)(1953) DNA Structure

Answer 184

DNA code converted to mRNA Happens in Nucleus DNA code Codons=three base pairs Each codon codes for an amino acid Ex: CAC=Histidine Start Codons at the beginning of genes Stop Codons at the ending of genes Each gene codes for one polypeptide (One Gene-One Polypeptide Hypothesis) mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm Single-stranded, ribose sugar, Uracil instead of Thymine mRNA is processed (--shortens) before meeting a ribosome

Answer 185

Translate mRNA (which is really DNA code) to protein Need: mRNA Ribosome T-RNA Amino acids AUG --> Start UAC --> stop

Answer 186

form of active transport and bulk transport in which a cell transports molecules out of the cell.

Answer 187

100,000X Magnification Can’t view live organisms 3D Image Blast electrons at object