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BMAT Biology > reproduction > Flashcards

reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

ovulation

A

at puberty, ova begin to mature and one is released approximately every 28 days

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2
Q

hormones involved in regulating the menstrual cycle

A
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • oestrogen
  • LH (luteinising hormone)
  • progesterone
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3
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone
  • produced by the pituitary gland
  • acts on target structures in the ovaries
  • stimulates ovary to to develop a follicle containing an egg (ovum maturation)
  • stimulates ovary to produce oestrogen
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4
Q

oestrogen

A
  • produced by the ovaries
  • stimulates the uterus lining to thicken
  • a steroid hormone
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5
Q

LH

A
  • luteinizing hormone
  • produced by the pituitary gland
  • acts on target structures in the ovary
  • stimulates the mature follicle to release the ovum (ovulation) in the middle of the cycle (around day 14)
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6
Q

progesterone

A
  • secreted by the empty follicle in the ovary (the yellow body/corpus luteum)
  • maintains the lining of the uterus during the 2nd half of the cycle so that a fertilised egg may implant
  • decreasing progesterone levels cause the thickened uterus lining to break down and be discharged (menstruation)
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7
Q

hormone action

A
  • Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the production of LH and FSH
  • if oestrogen did not inhibit the production of FSH, the ovaries would be stimulated to produce many follicles containing ova during the cycle
  • this could result in many ova being released and being fertilised during sexual reproduction
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8
Q

contraception

A
  • high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit FSH production and egg/ovum maturation -> ovulation can’t take place
  • these hormones, taken every day, keeps blood levels high
  • progesterone also stimulates the production of thick cervical mucus so that sperm are unable to enter the uterus to fertilise an egg
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9
Q

cervix

A

the opening to the uterus

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10
Q

oral pill (hormonal)

A

-combined oestrogen and progesterone or progesterone only
Problems: -not 100% effective
-side effects are possible (mainly due to oestrogen) e.g. headaches, nausea, irregular menstrual bleeding, fluid retention
-no protection from STDs
-relies on remembering to take it daily

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11
Q

skin patch (hormonal)

A
  • contains oestrogen and progesterone

- a small patch stuck to the skin, changed each week.

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12
Q

implant (hormonal)

A
  • inserted under the skin of the arm
  • releases a continuous amount of progesterone
  • lasts for up to three years
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13
Q

injection (hormonal)

A
  • contains progesterone

- each dose lasts 2 to 3 months

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14
Q

intrauterine devices (hormonal)

A
  • T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus that prevent the implantation of an embryo
  • plastic intrauterine devices which release progesterone
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15
Q

hormonal methods

A

can be used as a contraceptive, but do not decrease the risk of sexual transmission of communicable diseases

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16
Q

barrier methods (non-hormonal)

A
  • condoms – worn over the penis to prevent sperm from entering the vagina (only contraceptive device that protects against STDs)
  • diaphragm – a shallow plastic cup that fits over the cervix and is used with a spermicide
  • spermicide – a substance introduced into the vagina to kill sperm or make them inactive – more effective when used with a diaphragm
17
Q

intrauterine devices (non-hormonal)

A
  • T-shaped devices inserted into the uterus that prevent the implantation of an embryo
  • copper intrauterine devices prevent sperm from surviving in the uterus
18
Q

surgical methods (non-hormonal)

A
  • permanent sterilisation, cutting or tying structures involved in human reproduction:
  • female: oviducts that connect the ovaries to the uterus
  • male: sperm duct between the testis and the penis
  • very small chance of the structures reconnecting
19
Q

natural methods (non-hormonal)

A
  • avoiding sexual intercourse when an egg may be in the oviduct (most fertile time) – not very effective
  • abstinence – no sexual intercourse – 100% effective
20
Q

testosterone

A
  • stimulates sperm production

- a steroid hormone

21
Q

asexual reproduction

A
  • requires only one parent

- gives rise to genetically identical offspring

22
Q

sperm

A
  • contain many mitochondria in the mid-section to provide energy from the sperm to swim
  • nucleus is in the head of the sperm
23
Q

fertilisation

A

to prevent many sperms fertilising an egg, the sperm changes the structure of the egg cell as soon as it makes contact with the egg cell’s surface

BMAT Biology (15 decks)

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