non-communicable diseases Flashcards
definition
- are not infectious
- are caused by the interaction of many different factors.
examples of non-communicable diseases
1) cardiovascular disease
2) cancer
3) some lung diseases
4) some liver diseases
5) nutrition-influenced diseases
CVD main types
- coronary heart disease-when branches of the coronary arteries become blocked by either a fatty deposit (atheroma) or a blood clot then the heart muscle cells after the blockage will not receive oxygen and glucose and begin to carry out anaerobic respiration ->cells may die ->reduced heart function
- hypertension-when a person has a consistently raised blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg), may be due to the narrowing of an artery lumen due to atheroma or hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases
- stroke-when part of the brain is deprived of oxygen-rich and glucose-rich blood because of narrowing and/or hardening of arteries supplying the brain tissue, so brain cells die.
modifiable risk factors of CVD
- diet (consumption of foods high in fat/cholesterol increase risk of atheroma; and a high salt intake increases the risk of hypertension)
- too little exercise
- smoking
- excess alcohol intake
unmodifiable risk factors of CVD
- increasing age
- gender
- heredity/a family history of CVD
treatment/management of CVD
- using lifelong medication
- surgical procedures
- lifestyle changes
statins
- a lifelong medication for CVD
- works by reducing the production of cholesterol, which is a component of atheroma
anti-coagulants
- a lifelong medication for CVD
- works by reducing the likelihood of blood clotting and therefore blocking an artery
anti-hypertensive drugs
- a lifelong medication for CVD
- works by causing blood vessels to relax so their lumen diameter enlarges, reducing blood pressure
stents
- surgical procedure for CVD treatment
- place a mesh tube into a narrowed part of a coronary artery to increase its lumen diameter so there is no restriction in the flow of blood to the cells it supplies
- can be used in a coronary artery or in a blood vessel supplying brain tissue
bypass
- surgical procedure for CVD treatment
- a small section of blood vessel is removed from another part of the body and is used to re-route blood around a blockage in a coronary artery
lifestyle changes for CVD
- reducing smoking
- taking more exercise
- eating a balanced diet
% of cancers that are related to lifestyle choices
40%
prostate cancer risk factors
- being overweight
- eating a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products
- increasing age
- family history of this form of cancer
breast cancer risk factors
- being overweight
- increasing age
- family history of this form of cancer
- BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation
colorectal cancer risk factors
- being overweight
- a diet low in fibre
- increasing age
- family history of this form of cancer
carcinogen
-a chemical which increases the risk of cancer by inducing genetic mutations (e.g. tobacco)
liver cirrhosis
- can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption
- deposits of fat lead to liver enlargement
- scar tissue forms
- growth of connective tissue destroys liver
type 2 diabetes statistic
about 1 in 3 adults in the UK will get type 2 diabetes in their lifetime
type 2 diabetes
- when a person eats food high in sugar, their blood glucose level will consequently rise and the pancreas responds by releasing insulin
- if this is done on a regular basis, their body, including muscle cells, become increasingly resistant to the insulin released
- less insulin may be produced, leading to a persistently raised blood glucose level and the release of more glucose in the urine
type 2 diabetes risk factors
- eating foods high in sugars
- being overweight
- insufficient exercise
- a family history of the disease
