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BMAT Biology > non-communicable diseases > Flashcards

non-communicable diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

definition

A
  • are not infectious

- are caused by the interaction of many different factors.

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2
Q

examples of non-communicable diseases

A

1) cardiovascular disease
2) cancer
3) some lung diseases
4) some liver diseases
5) nutrition-influenced diseases

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3
Q

CVD main types

A
  1. coronary heart disease-when branches of the coronary arteries become blocked by either a fatty deposit (atheroma) or a blood clot then the heart muscle cells after the blockage will not receive oxygen and glucose and begin to carry out anaerobic respiration ->cells may die ->reduced heart function
  2. hypertension-when a person has a consistently raised blood pressure (above 140/90 mmHg), may be due to the narrowing of an artery lumen due to atheroma or hardening of an artery so that it cannot expand when blood flow increases
  3. stroke-when part of the brain is deprived of oxygen-rich and glucose-rich blood because of narrowing and/or hardening of arteries supplying the brain tissue, so brain cells die.
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4
Q

modifiable risk factors of CVD

A
  • diet (consumption of foods high in fat/cholesterol increase risk of atheroma; and a high salt intake increases the risk of hypertension)
  • too little exercise
  • smoking
  • excess alcohol intake
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5
Q

unmodifiable risk factors of CVD

A
  • increasing age
  • gender
  • heredity/a family history of CVD
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6
Q

treatment/management of CVD

A
  • using lifelong medication
  • surgical procedures
  • lifestyle changes
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7
Q

statins

A
  • a lifelong medication for CVD

- works by reducing the production of cholesterol, which is a component of atheroma

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8
Q

anti-coagulants

A
  • a lifelong medication for CVD

- works by reducing the likelihood of blood clotting and therefore blocking an artery

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9
Q

anti-hypertensive drugs

A
  • a lifelong medication for CVD

- works by causing blood vessels to relax so their lumen diameter enlarges, reducing blood pressure

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10
Q

stents

A
  • surgical procedure for CVD treatment
  • place a mesh tube into a narrowed part of a coronary artery to increase its lumen diameter so there is no restriction in the flow of blood to the cells it supplies
  • can be used in a coronary artery or in a blood vessel supplying brain tissue
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11
Q

bypass

A
  • surgical procedure for CVD treatment
  • a small section of blood vessel is removed from another part of the body and is used to re-route blood around a blockage in a coronary artery
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12
Q

lifestyle changes for CVD

A
  • reducing smoking
  • taking more exercise
  • eating a balanced diet
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13
Q

% of cancers that are related to lifestyle choices

A

40%

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14
Q

prostate cancer risk factors

A
  • being overweight
  • eating a lot of red meat or high-fat dairy products
  • increasing age
  • family history of this form of cancer
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15
Q

breast cancer risk factors

A
  • being overweight
  • increasing age
  • family history of this form of cancer
  • BRCA 1 or 2 gene mutation
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16
Q

colorectal cancer risk factors

A
  • being overweight
  • a diet low in fibre
  • increasing age
  • family history of this form of cancer
17
Q

carcinogen

A

-a chemical which increases the risk of cancer by inducing genetic mutations (e.g. tobacco)

18
Q

liver cirrhosis

A
  • can be caused by excessive alcohol consumption
  • deposits of fat lead to liver enlargement
  • scar tissue forms
  • growth of connective tissue destroys liver
19
Q

type 2 diabetes statistic

A

about 1 in 3 adults in the UK will get type 2 diabetes in their lifetime

20
Q

type 2 diabetes

A
  • when a person eats food high in sugar, their blood glucose level will consequently rise and the pancreas responds by releasing insulin
  • if this is done on a regular basis, their body, including muscle cells, become increasingly resistant to the insulin released
  • less insulin may be produced, leading to a persistently raised blood glucose level and the release of more glucose in the urine
21
Q

type 2 diabetes risk factors

A
  • eating foods high in sugars
  • being overweight
  • insufficient exercise
  • a family history of the disease

BMAT Biology (15 decks)

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