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FHB Exam 4 > Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

Reproduction 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between sex and gender.

A
  • sex = chromosomes

- gender = societal, secondary sex, genitalia

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2
Q

What is the hierarchy of gender determination?

A

chromosomes => gonads => genitalia => gender identity

  • gonad development is completely genetic
  • genitalia and identity is due to hormones, society, genitalia
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3
Q

How is gonadal sex determined?

A

Chromosomes

  • SRY gene (either on X or Y) ====> testes
  • targets SOX9

Y defines the guy

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4
Q

Describe embryonic gonadal development.

A
  1. gonadal ridge of epithelial cells
  2. primordial germ cells migrate to ridge
  3. primordial gonad is indifferent
  4. specific gene expression determines testes vs ovary
    ==> SRY + SOX9 = testis
    ==> no SRY => overexpression of Rspo1 + Wnt => ovary
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5
Q

What does the gonadal ridge form?

A
  • cortex becomes female internal genitalia

- medulla becomes male internal genitalia

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6
Q

Provide an overview of embryonic male development.

A
  1. indifferent gonad
  2. proliferation of sex cords by SRY and SOX9
  3. sex cords enter the medulla
  4. differentiation of medulla => testis
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7
Q

Provide an overview of embryonic female development.

A
  1. indifferent gonad
  2. proliferation of cortical sex cords in absence of SRY
  3. cortical cords develop
  4. epithelial cells form cluster around cortical cells => primordial follicle
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8
Q

What are the main cell types in a testis?

A
  • gametes (sperm)
  • sertolli cells - make AMH
  • leydig cells - secrete testosterone and DHT
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9
Q

What are the main cell types in an ovary?

A
  • gametes (ova)
  • follicular cells
    ==> granulosa cells - make estrogen and progesterone
    ==> thecal cells - make androgens
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10
Q

What are the structures of the indifferent internal genitalia?

A
  • mullerian duct
  • wolffian duct
  • mesonephros (transient kidney) - regresses
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11
Q

Describe differentiation of male internal genitalia.

A
  1. sertolli cells make AMH and inhibin B
    => AMH causes regression of mullerian duct
  2. leydig cells make testosterone/DHT
    => causes proliferation of wolffian duct
  3. testosterone causes differentiation of epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, ejaculatory duct
  4. DHT causes differentiation of prostate and scrotum
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12
Q

How do you make DHT?

A

require 5-alpha-reductase

converted from testosteron

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13
Q

Describe differentiation of female internal genitalia.

A
  1. no testes => no AMH, no testosterone => presence of mullerian duct, no wolffian
  2. mullerian differentiates into fallopian tubes, uterus, and distal 1/3 of vagina
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14
Q

How does having a testis affect the duct system?

A
  • presence of testis = presence of wolffian

- no testis = no wolffian, yes mullerian

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15
Q

How does having an ovary affect the duct system?

A
  • doesn’t matter

- you’ll get mullerian because there’s no testis

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16
Q

What happens in males, early castrate, with testosterone?

A
  • no testis, but yes testosterone

- mullerian and wolffian

17
Q

What happens in females, early castrate, with testosterone?

A
  • no ovary, no testis, yes testosterone

- mullerian, and wolffian

18
Q

Differentiate male and female for the follow structures:

  • genital tubercle
  • urogenital folds
  • urogenital sinus
  • labioscrotal folds
A

Males

  • glans penis
  • ventral penis
  • prostate
  • scrotum

Females

  • clitoris
  • labia minora
  • lower vagina
  • labia majora
19
Q

Define propecia.

A
  • hair loss tx
  • inhibits 5-alpha-reductase
  • lower androgen activity => stops hair loss
  • careful in women: if exposed when pregnant, can’t develop prostate or scrotum in male fetus
20
Q

Describe the process of spermatogenesis.

A
  1. mitosis begins with spermatogonia (diploid)
  2. mitosis ends with diploid primary spermatocyte (double DNA)
  3. meiosis I leads to secondary spermatocyte (haploid)
  4. meiosis II leads to spermatid (haploid)
  5. maturation leads to spermatozoa
21
Q

What is unique about female oogenesis?

A
  • arrested in meiosis I until puberty (diploid primary oocyte)
  • arrested in meiosis II until fertilized (haploid)
  • differentiation yields 1 oocyte and 1 polar body
22
Q

Define OMI.

A
  • oocyte maturation inhibitor
  • secreted by follicular cells
  • arrest in meiosis
23
Q

What are possible chromosomal abnormalities that can lead to atypical gender?

A
  • translocation (SRY gene on X; no SRY on Y)
  • inversion
  • deletion
  • chimerism (exchange of genetic information b/w genetically distinct gametes)
  • mosaicism (x inactivation)
  • aneuploidy (wrong number chromosomes)
24
Q

Define Turner’s Syndrome.

A
  • XO
  • no ovary because you need XX => gonadal streak tissue
  • phenotypically female
  • infertile
  • sometimes webbed neck, short stature
  • diagnosed at puberty due to lack of menses
25
Q

Define Klinefelter’s Syndrome.

A
  • XXY
  • testis = infertile, small, fibroid
  • low testosterone/DHT => micropenis
  • eunuchoid body = waist down is taller than torso
  • gynecomastia (due to estradiol)
26
Q

What are the etiologies of hermaphroditism?

A
  • 60% are XX
  • 20% are XY
  • 20% are mosaicism

chromosomal, genetic, hormonal,

27
Q

Define Male Pseudohermaphroditism.

A
  • phenotypically female (blind vaginal pouch; testes is producing AMH), but have a testes
  • 46, XY
  • androgen resistance due to loss of X-linked androgen receptor
  • high androgens, high estrogen (lack of negative feedback)
  • no mullerian b/c testes/Y chromosome
  • undescended testes b/c no testosterone activity
  • no wolffian
  • infertile
28
Q

Define Female Pseudohermaphroditism.

A
  • phenotypically male, but have ovary
  • 46, XX
  • most common = fetal CAH
  • maternal androgen excess (due to birth control or tumor)
  • changes openings of urethra and vagina into one
29
Q

Define True Hermaphroditism.

A
  • have both testes and ovary
  • ambiguous genitalia
  • possibly SRY translocation on X or loss of Rspo1
  • no spermatogenesis

FHB Exam 4 (16 decks)

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