Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHB Exam 4 > Endocrine 1: basics > Flashcards

Endocrine 1: basics Flashcards

1
Q

Characterize a classical endocrine organ.

A
  • ductless
  • secretes hormones directly into bloodstream (highly vascularized)
  • entire organ is primarily dedicated to endocrine functions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

List the classical organs.

A
  • pineal
  • pituitary
  • thyroid
  • parathyroid
  • adrenal
  • ovary/testes
  • pancreas endocrine portion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is unique about classical endocrine organs?

A

because of their ductless features, you can place them anywhere in the body and they would still function, provided they have enough vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

List the non-classical endocrine organs.

A
  • brain, hypothalamus
  • kidney: renin, EPO, vitamin D
  • heart: ANP
  • liver: IGF1
  • GI: serotonin, ghrelin
  • adipose: leptin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define hypersensitivity.

A
  • overproduction of a hormone leads to hypersensitivity to its effect (increased receptors)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define hyposensitivity.

A
  • decreased production of a hormone and decreased receptors leads
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the importance of the target receptor.

A
  • it is the activity of the receptor that carries out endocrine function, not the hormone itself
  • wherever there is a receptor, that hormone will have an effect
  • in the presence of molecules that are structurally similar to the receptor’s hormone => will cause the effect in the right conditions
  • target cell response depends on the ratio of hormone to receptor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is the endocrine system integrated into the immune system?

A
  • all hormones effect the thymus

- immune cells have receptors for hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Characterize endocrine pathologies.

A
  • defect in endocrine organs (primary = classical organ; secondary/tertiary = downstream organs)
  • hormone imbalance (hyper or hyposecretion)
  • vague symptoms
  • long time to develop
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Differentiate between congenital and genetic.

A
  • genetic: inherited

- congenital: present at birth, not necessarily inherited

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe cretinism.

A
  • congenital
  • iodine deficiency during development
  • leads to thyroid deficiency
  • symptoms = short stature, mental retardation, impaired bone formation, delayed motor development
  • tx = iodine supplementation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN).

A
  • genetic
  • 2-3 tumors in multiple endocrine glands
  • inherited through MEN1 gene
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why are tumors prevalent in endocrine pathology?

A
  • highly vascularized organs

- high rates of turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why is small cell lung carcinoma considered an endocrine pathology?

A
  • lung is not an endocrine organ

- tumor secretes endocrine hormones and leads to endocrine pathological symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe Sheehan’s Syndrome.

A
  • stress related
  • during pregnancy, pituitary increases in size
  • during childbirth, shock and hemorrhage lead to pituitary cell death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List etiologies of endocrine pathologies.

A
  • congenital
  • genetic
  • stress/trauma
  • tumors
  • infections/autoimmune
  • environmental factors
  • surgical
  • therapeutic
17
Q

What is the most common endocrine pathology?

A

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

18
Q

Define the 3 mechanisms of hormone action.

A
  • endocrine: blood => downstream tissue
  • paracrine: ISF => nearby cells
  • autocrine: ISF => same cell
19
Q

Describe the regulation of endocrine pathway signaling.

A
  1. organ synthesizes and secretes non-specific hormone
  2. travels in bloodstream to the entire body (dilution becomes a factor)
  3. If it comes in contact with non-target organs, it becomes metabolized
  4. if it comes in contact with target organs, the receptor lends specificity and determines downstream effects and intensity
20
Q

Why do endocrine organs release a large amount of hormone?

A
  • dilution in the bloodstream

- must beat metabolism of hormone at non-target organs

21
Q

What are the 2 states in which hormones are found in the blood?

A
  • free (not bound to protein; or bound to albumin)

- bound (not biologically active)

22
Q

What is the purpose of the hormone binding proteins?

A
  • facilitate transport
  • increase half-life by slowly releasing the hormone
  • mainly for steroids and other lipophilic hormones
23
Q

List some specific hormone binding proteins.

A
  • Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) binds to estrogen/testosterone
  • Corticotropin Binding Globulin (CBG) binds to cortisol/corticosterone
  • Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) and TransThyRetin (TTR) bind to thyroid hormone
24
Q

What are the 2 ways hormones are delivered to target cells?

A

Scenario 1

  • free hormone released at the cell membrane
  • diffuses into the cell
  • find intracellular targets

Scenario 2

  • hormone/protein complex binds to megalin protein receptor on the cell surface
  • endocytosis of complex
  • hormone released from the vesicle at intracellular target
25
Q

What do hormone receptors determine?

A
  • specificity
  • duration of hormone activity (internalization of cell surface receptors, ubiquitinization of intracellular receptors)
  • no receptor = no action
  • autoregulation by ligand
26
Q

.Distinguish between specificity and affinity.

A

specificity - ability to distinguish between similar substances
affinity - ability to hold on to it

27
Q

Define Kd and Ki.

A

Kd = determines affinity; ligand concentration needed to fill up 50% of the receptor binding sites

  • the higher Kd, lower affinity
  • the lower Kd, higher affinity

Ki = determines specificity; determines ability of a ligand to displace an existing bound ligand

  • the higher the Ki, lower specificity
  • the lower the Ki, higher specificity
28
Q

Characterize lipophobic hormone receptors.

A
  • cell surface
  • second messenger pathways (cAMP, GPC)
  • rapid internalization or degradation
29
Q

List examples of lipophobic hormone receptors.

A
  • GPC for most protein hormones
  • receptor linked kinases for GH, prolaction, and EPO
  • receptor kinases for insulin, ANP
30
Q

Characterize lipophilic hormone receptors.

A
  • intracellular
  • bound to heat shock chaperone proteins in the cytoplasm
  • slow response b/c requires transcription and translation
  • act as transcription factors that activate or repress
31
Q

Provide an example of a lipophilic hormone receptor.

A

Thyroid Hormone Receptor

  • hormone binds to nuclear receptor
  • in the absence of ligand = transcription repressed
  • in the presence of ligand = transcription activated
32
Q

List factors affecting hormone bioavailability.

A
  • hormone transport (free vs bound; kinetics of half-life)
  • target tissue (receptors, heat shock proteins)
  • hormone synthesis/release (enzymes, processing)
  • regulatory mechanisms (feedback, rhythms, aging, metabolism)

FHB Exam 4 (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions