Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FHB Block 4 > Reproduction 1 > Flashcards

Reproduction 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What determines the gonads developed?

A

Chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the importance of SRY?

A

SRY is gene (codes for a transcription factor) on the Y chromosome that is responsible for the formation of male gonads (testes)

If SRY was translocated to a different chromosome (like X) you will get a testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name one major target of the SRY transcription factor?

A

SOX9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Primordial germ cells migrate to form what structure during the 5th-6th week of gestation?

A

Gondal ridge- the primordial bipotential gonad (can develop into either an ovary or testis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What gene in the X chromosome drives the differentiation of the ovary?

A

Rspo1 - important for Wnt4 expression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The cortex of the primordial indifferent gonad develops into what structures?

A

Female internal genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The medulla of the primordial indifferent gonad develops into what structures?

A

Male internal genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the three main cell types of the testis and what is their function?

A

1) Gametes- develop into sperm
2) Sertoli cells- secrete Anti-Mullerian Hormone (also known as the nurse cells)
3) Leydig cells- secrete testosterone/DHT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the structure of the female primordial ovary?

A

Follicles: gametes surrounded by follicular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of granulosa cells?

A

secrete and synthesize estrogens and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the role of thecal cells?

A

make androgens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Germ cells develop into what two different cell types (male vs. female)

A

Male: spermatogonia
Females: Oogoni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The coelomic epithelium differentiates into what two different cell types (male vs female)

A

Male: Sertoli cells
Female: Granulosa cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into what two different cell types (male vs female)

A

Male: Leydig Cells
Female: Theca cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mesonephros?

A

Transient kidney during weeks 6-10. It degenerates in both sexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the two different ducts during development?

A

Wolffian duct: males

Mullerian Duct: females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of anti-mullerian hormone?

A

Causes the regression of the mullerian duct in males.

AMH is secreted by the testes (from the sertoli cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens to the wolffian duct in males?

A

Testosterone and DHT from they leydig cells of the testis drives the development of male internal genitalia from the wolffian duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Testosterone drives the differentiation of the top, middle and bottom of the wolffian duct into what structures?

A

Top: epididymis
Middle: ductus deferens
Bottom: seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DHT is responsible for the differentiation of what?

A

prostate and external genitalia

21
Q

What enzyme is responsible for the conversion of testosterone to DHT?

A

5 alpha-reductase

22
Q

What causes the regression of the Wolffian duct in females?

A

absence of a testis (because there is no AMH and no androgens)

23
Q

WHat does the top, middle and bottom of the mullerian duct develop into?

A

Top- fallopian tubes
Middle- fuses to become uterus
Bottom- cervix and top 1/3 of vagina

24
Q

If a man was castrated during development, what duct/ducts would remain?

A

Only the mullerian duct

The testis produce AMH from sertoli cells that is necessary for the regression of the mullerian duct, and androgens from the leydig cells that are required for the maturation/differentiation of the Wolffian duct

25
Q

Is the differentiation of either the wolffian duct or mullerian duct dependent on systemic hormones or paracrine action?

A

Paracrine- as determined by castration of only one testis

26
Q

What ducts would develop if you added testosterone to a female?

A

Both ducts would remain- still no AMH, but testosterone supported the development of the wolffian duct

27
Q

What three structures require DHT for development?

A

Penis, scrotum and prostate

28
Q

What happens to a woman who is exposed to propecia during her pregnancy?

A

Abnormal development of external genitalia if she is carrying a male.

29
Q

The genital tubercle develops into what structures in the male/female?

A

Male: glans penis
Female: clitoris

30
Q

The urogenital folds develops into what structures in the male/female?

A

Male: ventral penis
Female: Labia minora

31
Q

The urogenital sinus develops into what structures in the male/female?

A

Male: Prostate
Female: Lower vagina

32
Q

The Labioscrotal folds develop into what structures in the male/female?

A

Male: Scrotum
Female: Labia majora

33
Q

Define gametogenesis

A

Process of forming haploid gametes (spermatozoa or ovum)

34
Q

How does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Exactly like meiosis

4 daughter cells from each germ cell

35
Q

How does oogenesis occur?

A

Primary oocytes arrest following birth and remain that way until puberty

At puberty, oocytes are activated and enter meiosis II and you get 1 cell and a polar body- only 1 cell continues on

The egg is then stuck in meiosis II until it is fertilized by a sperm

36
Q

What is the primordial follicle?

A

primary oocyte + follicular cells

37
Q

Define chimerism

A

very rare- genetically distinct cells

38
Q

What is the karyotype of someone with Turner’s syndrome?

A

XO

39
Q

What are the consequences of turner’s syndrome (XO)?

A

Both x chromosomes are required during development for oogonia. With only 1 X, the ovary becomes a streak of fibrous tissue

Everything else is generally normally

40
Q

What is the karyotype of Klinefelter syndrome?

A

XXY

41
Q

What are the consequences of Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)?

A

You do have a Y, therefore there is development of a testis, although it is small and does not produce enough hormone.

Often testis are not descended, and very small external genitalia

There is elevated estrogen, levels and a eunuchoid body type (lower half is longer than upper half)

42
Q

What are the karyotypes of hermaphroditism?

A

XX - 60%

XY-20%

43
Q

Differentiate male from female pseudohermaphroditism

A

Male: testes present but some or all female external/internal genitalia is also present

Female: ovaries present, but some or all male internal/external genitalia is present

44
Q

What is true hermaphroditism?

A

Both ovary and testis is present –> not clear at birth about genitalia, often raised as girls

45
Q

What is a common reason for male pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Complete resistance to AR (loss of X-linked AR gene)

Appear female, with blind vaginal pouch –> no internal genitalia

High estrogens, because androgens are produced at high levels and are shunted into the estrogen pathway

46
Q

Describe the phenotype of male hermaphroditism with low AR binding

A

XY- More male in appearance, still blind-ended vagina

47
Q

What typically causes female pseudohermaphroditism?

A

Pregnant woman is exposed to male hormones via tumor or birth control

Results in progressively male internal genitalia

The earlier the exposure happens, the more male-like the baby will be

Excessive androgen production also leads to increased “bone age”

48
Q

What is the typical karyotype of a true hermaphrodite?

A

XX- possibly translocation of the SRY gene

No spermatogenesis because there are other genes on the Y chromosome that are not present but necessary

FHB Block 4 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions