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BIOM3200 > REPRO TRAC > Flashcards

REPRO TRAC Flashcards

1
Q

what happens to the oocyte after releasing

A

Once oocyte is released from its follicle (ovulation), it is picked up by fimbriae and enters the
fallopian (uterine) tube via the infundibulum

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2
Q

HOW MANY SPERM CELLS ENCOUNTERED THE RELEASED EGG

A

A few hundred sperm cells will encounter the released egg in the fallopian tube

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3
Q

THE MALE DUCT SYSTEM IS A SERIES OF WHAT

A

series of

continuous tubes within the male repro tract

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4
Q

WHAT IS THE MALE REPRO TRAC CONSIST OF

A

. Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Urethra

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5
Q

WHAT IS THE EPIDIDYMIS

A

Connects the testis to vas deferens

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6
Q

WHAT DOES EPIDIDMYS DO

A

Site of final sperm maturation
• Stores sperm up to several months
• Propels sperm into vas deferens during sexual
arousal

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7
Q

WHAT DOES VAS DEFERENS DO

A

Moves sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra by peristaltic contractions
during sexual arousal
Can also store sperm

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8
Q

WHAT IS THE Ejaculatory ducts

A

Union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle
Enter the prostate gland and terminate in the urethra

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE UTHRA

A

The shared duct of the repro and urinary system

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10
Q

WHAT DO THE ACCESSORY GLANDS DO IN THE MALE REPRO TRACK

A

Accessory glands add secretions to sperm to form semen

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11
Q

WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY GLANDS IN THE MALE REPRO TRACK

A
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Prostate gland
  • Bulbourethral gland
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12
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEMINAL VESICLES

A

Paired vesicles secrete a basic (high pH) viscous fluid containing sugars, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen

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13
Q

WHAT ARE THE SEMINAL VESICLES MADE OF

A

Sugar used for ATP production by sperm
• Prostaglandins stimulate smooth muscle
contraction in the female repro tract
• Fibrinogen helps semen coagulate after
ejaculation

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14
Q

WHAT DOES THE PROSTATE like and what is its affect on the sperm

A

Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing various substances that assist with sperm motility and viability

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15
Q

WHAT DOES THE PROSTATE DO IN THE BODY

A 
ATP production in sperm
• Proteolytic enzymes that help with 
fibrinolysis
• Killing any bacteria in semen/female 
repro tract
• 25% of the volume of semen
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16
Q

WHICH ENZYMES HELP WITH THE FIBRINOLYSIS

A

Proteolytic

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17
Q

WHAT DO BULO UTHRE GLANDS SECREGATE

A

Also secrete a basic fluid to protect sperm from acidic environments
IT MAKES THE 5% OF THE SEMIN VOLUME

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18
Q

WHAT IS THE Ejaculation COORDINATED BY

A

spinal cord

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19
Q

WHICH ACTION IS SYMPATHETIC IN THE ENJUCULATION

A

Sympathetic nerves: Emission of semen

into the urethra

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20
Q

WHICH ACTION IS SOMATIC IN THE ENJECULATION

A

Somatic nerves: Contract muscle at the base of the penis

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21
Q

WHICH PROTEIN IS ENGAGED WITH THE MALE CONTROCEPT

A

RENTIONIC ACID RECEPTORS

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22
Q

WHICH TEST SHOULD MEN TAKE IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE PROSTATE CANCER

A

Males over 40 should be regularly tested (prostate exam + PSA test)

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23
Q

WHAT IS THE PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN TEST

A

Self-antigens produced by cells of the prostate;

elevated in cancer

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24
Q

BY AGE OF THE 70 ( ABOUT THE PROSTATE )

A

• By age 70, almost all men will have

some prostate enlargement

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25
Q

HOW MANY SPERM ARE RELEASED PER INJECTION AND HOW MANY OF THEM SURVIVE

A

300 M PER INJECTION AND ONLY 100 OF THEM SEVIVE

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26
Q

HOW MANY DAYS DOES SPERM SEVIVE

A

5

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27
Q

WHAT DOES CERVICAL MACUS DO

A

helps in maintaining metabolic requirements of sperm

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28
Q

two reasons for the sperm movement

A

• Movement of sperm occurs thanks to the whiplike movement of their tails as well as
prostaglandins in semen that stimulate uterine motility

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29
Q

what is the normal acidity of the vigina

A

4.5

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30
Q

what is the optimal ph for the sperm function

A

7.2 - 8.2

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31
Q

what is the cervical mucus ph

A

up to 9

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32
Q

what is happening to the survived sperms in the uterus

A

Sperm that survive (~200) then undergo

capacitation to prepare for fertilization

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33
Q

which organ simulate the sperm for alteration

A

Alteration of the sperm cell
surface upon stimulation by
tissues of the fallopian tube

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34
Q

before injection what is added to the acrosome

A

glycoprotein

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35
Q

what is the role of the qlycoprotein

A

• Glycoproteins are then coated to
protect the acrosome upon
ejaculation (↑ membrane stability)

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36
Q

what does Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum do in the capacitation

A

Progesterone secreted by the
corpus luteum remove these
proteins + increase tail activity

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37
Q

explain the capacitation

A
  1. sperm head is simulated by the tissues of the feliban tube
  2. before the enjection the glycoprotein is added to the sperm to protect upon the injection
  3. progestron that is secregared by copus luteum remove the proteins and increase the tail mortality
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38
Q

what does the secondary ocyte contain

A
  1. chromosomes arested in the metaphase 2
  2. first polar body
  3. zona pellucida
  4. corona radiate
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39
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

(glycoprotein layer surrounding

the cell membrane of oocyte + polar body)

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40
Q

what is the corona radiate

A

layer of follicular granulosa cells

that remain attached to zona pellucida

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41
Q

how sperm can panaturate the corona radiate

A

acrosom enzym and tail movement the hyperactivity

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42
Q

where does the a crosome reaction occurs

A

in the contact of acrosom with ZP

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43
Q

explain the acrosom reaction

A

The acrosome is full of enzymes capable of digesting the ZP
• Surface proteins on sperm head bind to ZP3, stimulating the acrosome reaction
Enzymes released from the acrosome DIGEST the ZP and allow the sperm nucleus to enter the oocyte

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44
Q

• How does the egg prevent polyspermy?

A

Acrosome reaction leads to an ↑ intracellular Ca2+ in the oocyte
• ↑ Ca2+ causes cortical granules to release their contents, blocking other sperm from binding

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45
Q

when does the oocyts compelet the meiosis 2

A

Upon fertilization, oocyte can complete meiosis II to generate:

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46
Q

what will be the result of the meiosis 2

A

1 haploid ovum (1 chromatid per chromosome)

• Another polar body (second polar body)

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47
Q

what is the pronucleus

A

• The sperm cell nucleus (n), once it enters the ovum’s

cytoplasm, is now called a pronucleus

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48
Q

what happens between the sperm pronucleus and the ovum’s pronucleus

A

The sperm pronucleus (n) fuses with the ovum’s

pronucleus (n) to produce a diploid nucleus (2n)

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49
Q

what is the zygote

A

• After pronuclei fuse, the fertilized ovum is now called a

ZYGOTE

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50
Q

when does blastomeres created

A

• After 24 hours, the newly formed zygote will undergo

mitosis to form blastomeres (2-cell stage)

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51
Q

when does the morula shapped

A

in the day 4 which is 16 cells

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52
Q

explain the cleavage of the zygote

A

During cleavage, the zygote/morula continues to
move through the fallopian tube towards the uterus
• As the morula nears the uterus, around day 5, it will
gain a fluid-filled cavity

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53
Q

what does BLASTOCYST, contains:

A

• Trophoblast (will help form placenta and
membranes that protect the embryo)
• Inner cell mass (will become all the tissues of the
body)

54
Q

explain the Blastocyst Implantation

A

• Trophoblast cells produce enzymes to assist the blastocyst to implant into uterine wall on
6th day after fertilization

55
Q

75 % of the losing in the pregnenses are due to what

A

failure of implantation

56
Q

what is the HCg

A

Upon implantation, the trophoblast cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
that acts in a similar fashion to luteinizing hormone (LH)

57
Q

what is measured in the pregnenecy test

A

hCG levels are
measured in
pregnancy tests

58
Q

what is the ART

A

ART provides an alternative to “natural” fertilization
via manipulation of oocytes and sperm outside of
the body

59
Q

how does the ART work

A

Aspiration of secondary oocytes from ovary →
combine with sperm in vitro → mature fertilized
eggs in vitro → implant blastocyst(s) in uterus

60
Q

Dizygotic and Monozygotic Twins

A

Fraternal twins: 2 separate oocytes released during ovulation are fertilized by 2 separate sperm
(more common)
• Identical twins: 1 zygote SPLITS before blastocyst development, leading to two identical
embryos

61
Q

sex chromosomes

A

• If the ovum (which contains one X chromosome) is fertilized by a sperm containing one
X chromosome, the embryo will develop female sex characteristics
• If the ovum (which contains one X chromosome) is fertilized by a sperm containing one
Y chromosome, the embryo will develop male sex characteristics

62
Q

how many proteins does x chromosmes have

A

BIG chromosome, contains

about 1,000 protein-coding genes

63
Q

how many proteins does y chromosome have

A

SMALL chromosome,

contains only about 70 protein-coding genes

64
Q

what is the X inactivation when women recieve two x chromosomes

A

One X chromosome in each cell is “inactivated”
• Inactivation is random and ensures that the “dosage” of protein per cell is similar to
individuals with only one X chromosome

65
Q

what are the key genes for the formation of the tests and spermatogonium

A

The Y chromosome has a key gene (SRY) that
produces a protein (TDF) involved in initiating
male sex determination: Formation of
spermatogonium and testes

66
Q

male reprotract aris from which of the basic structures

A

structures arise from the mesonephric

(Wolffian) duct, an early embryological structure

67
Q

which structure is degraded in the male embaro

A

• A parallel structure, the paramesonephric
(Mullerian) duct is degraded in males; testes secrete
Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)

68
Q

how does the female repro tract is created

A

In the absence of testosterone, XX embryos do NOT
secrete MIF
• Therefore, the Mullerian duct persists
• Wolffian duct DEGRADES
• Mullerian duct gives rise to fallopian tubes, uterus,
and vagina

69
Q

in which week of the pregnenecy the gentile is deferentiable

A

week 8

70
Q

• Undifferentiated genitalia is consist of

A

Genital tubercle, urethral folds, urethral groove, and labioscrotal
swellings

71
Q

what Genital tubercle will become in male and female repro track

A 
Glans penis (male)
• Clitoris (female humans)
72
Q

urethral folds will become which organs in male and female repro track

A
  • Shaft of penis (male)

* Labia minora + orifices (female)

73
Q

Labioscrotal swellings will become which organ in male and female repro track

A
  • Scrotum (male)

* Labia majora (female)

74
Q

how does XY individuals with ovaries happen

A

SRY deletion from Y chromosome
• Without SRY, testes cannot develop, MIF is not produced, and
thus ovaries are formed in the absence of testosterone
• External genitalia may resemble female more than male

75
Q

how XX individuals with testes happens

A

SRY insertion from Y chromosome onto X chromosome during
spermatogenesis
• External genitalia may resemble male more than female

76
Q

how XY female with androgen insensitivity syndrome happens

A

XY female with androgen insensitivity syndrome (partial or full)
• SRY gene is present, testosterone is produced from testes, but testosterone RECEPTORS
are malfunctioning
• Can lead to a spectrum of external genitalia presentations and secondary sex characteristics
(body hair, muscle build, etc.)

77
Q

how is the embryo nutrished in early development

A

• Early in development, embryo is nourished by the uterine glands in the endometrium

78
Q

when does the embryo need the blood borne nutrients

A

• As the embryo grows and develops its

own vascular system, it needs blood-borne nutrients

79
Q

why do we need placenta

A 
Selective transport of gases, nutrients, 
and waste products between mother 
and fetus
2. Immunity: Serves to protect the 
mother and developing fetus from each 
other; IgG antibody diffusion
3. Endocrine function: Produces and 
secretes hormones for embryo/fetal 
growth, maternal pregnancy support 
and parturition
80
Q

what are the Chorionic villi

A

Chorionic villi (chorion frondosum), which contain blood vessels linked to the fetal artery and vein in the umbilical cord, invade endometrium where maternal vessels are located

81
Q

what is the pleecenta made of

A 
Tissue from the fetus 
(chorion frondosum) and the 
decidua basalis (part of 
endometrium that is 
invaded) make up the
placenta; SHARED ORGAN
82
Q

which micro things are able to pass the placenta

A

nutrients, gases,
antibodies, and some bacteria/viruses
can pass from maternal circulation to
fetal circulation

83
Q

what is the placenta barrier

A

number of tissue layers between fetal and maternal blood

84
Q

proteolytic enzymes is secreted by which organ and what does it do

A

Trophoblast cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that digest the maternal tissue layers; maternal blood pools around chorionic villi

85
Q

which hormones are secreted by the plecenta

A 
Progesterone
Estrogen
Human placental lactogen (hPL)
Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG)
Placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
86
Q

what is the production and regulation of the progesterone

A

The placenta takes over
progesterone production from the
corpus luteum to maintain the
pregnancy

87
Q

what is the role of the progesterone during the pregnenecy

A

Maintains the pregnancy by thickening the cervix,
suppressing the maternal immune response and
preventing ovulation; also promotes mammary
growth

88
Q

what is the regulation of the estrogen

A

Estrogen levels rise throughout

pregnancy as the placenta grows

89
Q

what is the action of the estrogen in the body

A

Stimulate the growth of the myometrium, promote
mammary development and suppress gonadotrophin
release from pituitary gland

90
Q

what is the hpl is related to and what it is produced by

A

Related to prolactin and growth hormone, produced by placenta
and uterus

91
Q

what is the action of the hpl

A

Promotes growth and differentiation of mammary

tissue, increased blood glucose levels in the mother

92
Q

what kind of the hormone is lcG

A

Luteinizing hormone produced by

fetal trophoblast cells

93
Q

what is the action of the hcg

A

Prevents luteal regression and is thus a signal for

maternal recognition of pregnancy

94
Q

what is CRH identical to and where does it is acting on

A

identical to hypothalamic CRH and

acts on fetal anterior pituitary

95
Q

what is the action of the CRH

A

increases cortisol and DHEAS production from

adrenal cortex; timing of labour

96
Q

what is the Gestational diabetes

A

Insufficient insulin release to deal with
increased plasma glucose in the
mother due to the actions of hPL

97
Q

how CRH is secrecated in the non pregnent person

A

In non-pregnant persons, CRH is

produced ONLY by the hypothalamus

98
Q

when does the prenceta secrate the CRH

A

The placenta, during the 2nd and 3rd
trimesters, will produce CRH in
exponentially increasing amounts

99
Q

when does placenta produce the CRH

A

The placenta, during the 2nd and 3rd
trimesters, will produce CRH in
exponentially increasing amounts

100
Q

how the time of the parturition is determind

A

• The rate of CRH release is believed to
determine when parturition will
occur

101
Q

what is the affect of the progestron on the muscles

A

Progesterone has a relaxing effect on

the muscles of the uterus

102
Q

what is the action of the estrogen during the labur

A

To induce labour, progesterone needs
to be inhibited; this is accomplished by
rising levels of estrogen produced by
placenta

103
Q

what does the CRH do during the labur

A 
Placental CRH causes release of
ACTH from anterior pituitary, which 
causes release of cortisol and DHEAS 
(an adrenal androgen) from adrenal 
cortex
104
Q

what is the action of the cortisol during the labur

A

Cortisol released from adrenal cortex
has a positive feedback effect on
placental CRH, increasing its release
• Among other roles, cortisol is essential
at this stage for final lung maturation in
the fetus

105
Q

what is the action of the DHEAS in the labur

A

DHEAS is converted to estrogen
(estriol) in placenta, which is then
released into maternal circulation

106
Q

what does striol do in the labur

A 
Estriol acts on the uterus to facilitate 
the action of: 
– Prostaglandins: Assist with cervical 
ripening and uterine contractions
– Oxytocin: Powerful promoter of 
uterine contractions
107
Q

which hormones are responsible in the stage of the labur

A

• Together, estriol, prostaglandins, and

oxytocin are responsible for the

108
Q

what are the stages of labur

A

• Dilation stage:
Expulsion stage:
Placental stage:

109
Q

what is the dilation stage

A

From onset of labour to
complete dilation of the cervix (includes
rupture of the amniotic sac)

110
Q

what is the expulsion stage

A

From complete

cervical dilation to delivery of the baby

111
Q

what is the plecenta stage

A

Placenta detaches from uterine wall and is expelled from

uterus

112
Q

when does the dilation stage happen and how long does it take

A

ncludes rupture of the amniotic sac
(water breaking)
• Typically lasts 6-12 hours; cervix dilates from
1 cm to 10 cm
• Enzymes stimulated by prostaglandins break down
the collagen in cervical tissue, allowing it to soften
and widen

113
Q

when does the expulsion stage happen and how long does it take

A

Expulsion stage: 10 mins to several hours (depending on several factors)
• Uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin intensify; “pushing” (bearing down) by the
mother helps move fetus through the vaginal canal
• After birth, umbilical cord is clamped and breastfeeding can begin

114
Q

what is the lactaion

A

Lactation is the process by which
mothers of newborns can produce and
secrete milk

115
Q

milk released is simulated by which hormon

A

Milk release is suppressed during
pregnancy and is stimulated thanks to
prolactin and oxytocin after birth

116
Q

how long does a child is nutrished with the breast milk

A

Ideal amount of carbohydrates, protein,
and fat to sustain a child for the first 6
months

117
Q

breast is made of which tissues

A

Breasts (mammary glands) contain

adipose tissue and glandular tissue

118
Q

which hormons throughout the pregnency promote the growth of the alveoli and ducts

A

High levels of estrogen and
progesterone throughout pregnancy
promote the growth and development of
alveoli and ducts

119
Q

prolactin is rleased and inhbitated by which hormon

A

rolactin release is stimulated by prolactinreleasing hormone (PRH) and inhibited by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH; dopamine)

120
Q

which hormons inhabit the PIH

A

• Progesterone and estrogen inhibit PIH, resulting

in increasing prolactin levels during pregnancy

121
Q

which hormone inhibits the action of the prolactin

A

Conversely, progesterone also inhibits the
ACTION of prolactin to prevent lactation until
after parturition

122
Q

does Prolactin enhances secretion of PIH

A

yes

123
Q

what is the role of the oxcytocin aftwe birth

A

• Once the baby is born, oxytocin allows for the release of breast milk (milk
letdown/ejection)

124
Q

does Prolactin also has a negative feedback effect on the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus

A

Prolactin also has a negative feedback effect on the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus

125
Q

what is the colostrum

A

Often called “first milk”, colostrum is
produced in the final few days of
pregnancy

126
Q

is the colostrum composition similar to the breast milk and what is it rich in

A

Different in composition than breast milk,
colostrum is rich in IgA antibodies
(primary antibody in mucosal tissues)

127
Q

what is the breast milk made of

A

It also contains leukocytes, cytokines,
antioxidants, enzymes, and hormones
that assist in building newborn immunity

128
Q

both commercial and breast milk provid …….. but commercial milk does not provide ……….

A 
Both commercial formulas and human 
breast milk provide adequate nutrition 
for a growing baby 
• Formula does not provide immune 
benefits seen in breast milk
• Alternatives to exclusive breastfeeding: 
Combination feeding, donor breast milk; 
both provide some immune benefits
• Colostrum is crucial!
129
Q

what is the affect of the oxytocin on the male and female during the sex

A

Oxytocin levels rise during sexual
stimulation and orgasm in both males and
females

130
Q

what are the other names of the oxycocet

A

Love hormone”, “cuddle hormone”, “trust

hormone”

BIOM3200 (3 decks)

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