REPRO TRAC Flashcards
what happens to the oocyte after releasing
Once oocyte is released from its follicle (ovulation), it is picked up by fimbriae and enters the
fallopian (uterine) tube via the infundibulum
HOW MANY SPERM CELLS ENCOUNTERED THE RELEASED EGG
A few hundred sperm cells will encounter the released egg in the fallopian tube
THE MALE DUCT SYSTEM IS A SERIES OF WHAT
series of
continuous tubes within the male repro tract
WHAT IS THE MALE REPRO TRAC CONSIST OF
. Epididymis
• Vas deferens
• Ejaculatory ducts
• Urethra
WHAT IS THE EPIDIDYMIS
Connects the testis to vas deferens
WHAT DOES EPIDIDMYS DO
Site of final sperm maturation
• Stores sperm up to several months
• Propels sperm into vas deferens during sexual
arousal
WHAT DOES VAS DEFERENS DO
Moves sperm from the epididymis toward the urethra by peristaltic contractions
during sexual arousal
Can also store sperm
WHAT IS THE Ejaculatory ducts
Union of the vas deferens and the duct from the seminal vesicle
Enter the prostate gland and terminate in the urethra
WHAT IS THE UTHRA
The shared duct of the repro and urinary system
WHAT DO THE ACCESSORY GLANDS DO IN THE MALE REPRO TRACK
Accessory glands add secretions to sperm to form semen
WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY GLANDS IN THE MALE REPRO TRACK
- Seminal vesicles
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
WHAT ARE THE SEMINAL VESICLES
Paired vesicles secrete a basic (high pH) viscous fluid containing sugars, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen
WHAT ARE THE SEMINAL VESICLES MADE OF
Sugar used for ATP production by sperm
• Prostaglandins stimulate smooth muscle
contraction in the female repro tract
• Fibrinogen helps semen coagulate after
ejaculation
WHAT DOES THE PROSTATE like and what is its affect on the sperm
Secretes a milky, slightly acidic fluid containing various substances that assist with sperm motility and viability
WHAT DOES THE PROSTATE DO IN THE BODY
ATP production in sperm • Proteolytic enzymes that help with fibrinolysis • Killing any bacteria in semen/female repro tract • 25% of the volume of semen
WHICH ENZYMES HELP WITH THE FIBRINOLYSIS
Proteolytic
WHAT DO BULO UTHRE GLANDS SECREGATE
Also secrete a basic fluid to protect sperm from acidic environments
IT MAKES THE 5% OF THE SEMIN VOLUME
WHAT IS THE Ejaculation COORDINATED BY
spinal cord
WHICH ACTION IS SYMPATHETIC IN THE ENJUCULATION
Sympathetic nerves: Emission of semen
into the urethra
WHICH ACTION IS SOMATIC IN THE ENJECULATION
Somatic nerves: Contract muscle at the base of the penis
WHICH PROTEIN IS ENGAGED WITH THE MALE CONTROCEPT
RENTIONIC ACID RECEPTORS
WHICH TEST SHOULD MEN TAKE IN ORDER TO PREVENT THE PROSTATE CANCER
Males over 40 should be regularly tested (prostate exam + PSA test)
WHAT IS THE PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN TEST
Self-antigens produced by cells of the prostate;
elevated in cancer
BY AGE OF THE 70 ( ABOUT THE PROSTATE )
• By age 70, almost all men will have
some prostate enlargement
HOW MANY SPERM ARE RELEASED PER INJECTION AND HOW MANY OF THEM SURVIVE
300 M PER INJECTION AND ONLY 100 OF THEM SEVIVE
HOW MANY DAYS DOES SPERM SEVIVE
5
WHAT DOES CERVICAL MACUS DO
helps in maintaining metabolic requirements of sperm
two reasons for the sperm movement
• Movement of sperm occurs thanks to the whiplike movement of their tails as well as
prostaglandins in semen that stimulate uterine motility
what is the normal acidity of the vigina
4.5
what is the optimal ph for the sperm function
7.2 - 8.2
what is the cervical mucus ph
up to 9
what is happening to the survived sperms in the uterus
Sperm that survive (~200) then undergo
capacitation to prepare for fertilization
which organ simulate the sperm for alteration
Alteration of the sperm cell
surface upon stimulation by
tissues of the fallopian tube
before injection what is added to the acrosome
glycoprotein
what is the role of the qlycoprotein
• Glycoproteins are then coated to
protect the acrosome upon
ejaculation (↑ membrane stability)
what does Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum do in the capacitation
Progesterone secreted by the
corpus luteum remove these
proteins + increase tail activity
explain the capacitation
- sperm head is simulated by the tissues of the feliban tube
- before the enjection the glycoprotein is added to the sperm to protect upon the injection
- progestron that is secregared by copus luteum remove the proteins and increase the tail mortality
what does the secondary ocyte contain
- chromosomes arested in the metaphase 2
- first polar body
- zona pellucida
- corona radiate
what is the zona pellucida
(glycoprotein layer surrounding
the cell membrane of oocyte + polar body)
what is the corona radiate
layer of follicular granulosa cells
that remain attached to zona pellucida
how sperm can panaturate the corona radiate
acrosom enzym and tail movement the hyperactivity
where does the a crosome reaction occurs
in the contact of acrosom with ZP
explain the acrosom reaction
The acrosome is full of enzymes capable of digesting the ZP
• Surface proteins on sperm head bind to ZP3, stimulating the acrosome reaction
Enzymes released from the acrosome DIGEST the ZP and allow the sperm nucleus to enter the oocyte
• How does the egg prevent polyspermy?
Acrosome reaction leads to an ↑ intracellular Ca2+ in the oocyte
• ↑ Ca2+ causes cortical granules to release their contents, blocking other sperm from binding
when does the oocyts compelet the meiosis 2
Upon fertilization, oocyte can complete meiosis II to generate:
what will be the result of the meiosis 2
1 haploid ovum (1 chromatid per chromosome)
• Another polar body (second polar body)
what is the pronucleus
• The sperm cell nucleus (n), once it enters the ovum’s
cytoplasm, is now called a pronucleus
what happens between the sperm pronucleus and the ovum’s pronucleus
The sperm pronucleus (n) fuses with the ovum’s
pronucleus (n) to produce a diploid nucleus (2n)
what is the zygote
• After pronuclei fuse, the fertilized ovum is now called a
ZYGOTE
when does blastomeres created
• After 24 hours, the newly formed zygote will undergo
mitosis to form blastomeres (2-cell stage)
when does the morula shapped
in the day 4 which is 16 cells
explain the cleavage of the zygote
During cleavage, the zygote/morula continues to
move through the fallopian tube towards the uterus
• As the morula nears the uterus, around day 5, it will
gain a fluid-filled cavity
what does BLASTOCYST, contains:
• Trophoblast (will help form placenta and
membranes that protect the embryo)
• Inner cell mass (will become all the tissues of the
body)
explain the Blastocyst Implantation
• Trophoblast cells produce enzymes to assist the blastocyst to implant into uterine wall on
6th day after fertilization
75 % of the losing in the pregnenses are due to what
failure of implantation
what is the HCg
Upon implantation, the trophoblast cells secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
that acts in a similar fashion to luteinizing hormone (LH)
what is measured in the pregnenecy test
hCG levels are
measured in
pregnancy tests
what is the ART
ART provides an alternative to “natural” fertilization
via manipulation of oocytes and sperm outside of
the body
how does the ART work
Aspiration of secondary oocytes from ovary →
combine with sperm in vitro → mature fertilized
eggs in vitro → implant blastocyst(s) in uterus
Dizygotic and Monozygotic Twins
Fraternal twins: 2 separate oocytes released during ovulation are fertilized by 2 separate sperm
(more common)
• Identical twins: 1 zygote SPLITS before blastocyst development, leading to two identical
embryos
sex chromosomes
• If the ovum (which contains one X chromosome) is fertilized by a sperm containing one
X chromosome, the embryo will develop female sex characteristics
• If the ovum (which contains one X chromosome) is fertilized by a sperm containing one
Y chromosome, the embryo will develop male sex characteristics
how many proteins does x chromosmes have
BIG chromosome, contains
about 1,000 protein-coding genes
how many proteins does y chromosome have
SMALL chromosome,
contains only about 70 protein-coding genes
what is the X inactivation when women recieve two x chromosomes
One X chromosome in each cell is “inactivated”
• Inactivation is random and ensures that the “dosage” of protein per cell is similar to
individuals with only one X chromosome
what are the key genes for the formation of the tests and spermatogonium
The Y chromosome has a key gene (SRY) that
produces a protein (TDF) involved in initiating
male sex determination: Formation of
spermatogonium and testes
male reprotract aris from which of the basic structures
structures arise from the mesonephric
(Wolffian) duct, an early embryological structure
which structure is degraded in the male embaro
• A parallel structure, the paramesonephric
(Mullerian) duct is degraded in males; testes secrete
Mullerian inhibiting factor (MIF)
how does the female repro tract is created
In the absence of testosterone, XX embryos do NOT
secrete MIF
• Therefore, the Mullerian duct persists
• Wolffian duct DEGRADES
• Mullerian duct gives rise to fallopian tubes, uterus,
and vagina
in which week of the pregnenecy the gentile is deferentiable
week 8
• Undifferentiated genitalia is consist of
Genital tubercle, urethral folds, urethral groove, and labioscrotal
swellings
what Genital tubercle will become in male and female repro track
Glans penis (male) • Clitoris (female humans)
urethral folds will become which organs in male and female repro track
- Shaft of penis (male)
* Labia minora + orifices (female)
Labioscrotal swellings will become which organ in male and female repro track
- Scrotum (male)
* Labia majora (female)
how does XY individuals with ovaries happen
SRY deletion from Y chromosome
• Without SRY, testes cannot develop, MIF is not produced, and
thus ovaries are formed in the absence of testosterone
• External genitalia may resemble female more than male
how XX individuals with testes happens
SRY insertion from Y chromosome onto X chromosome during
spermatogenesis
• External genitalia may resemble male more than female
how XY female with androgen insensitivity syndrome happens
XY female with androgen insensitivity syndrome (partial or full)
• SRY gene is present, testosterone is produced from testes, but testosterone RECEPTORS
are malfunctioning
• Can lead to a spectrum of external genitalia presentations and secondary sex characteristics
(body hair, muscle build, etc.)
how is the embryo nutrished in early development
• Early in development, embryo is nourished by the uterine glands in the endometrium
when does the embryo need the blood borne nutrients
• As the embryo grows and develops its
own vascular system, it needs blood-borne nutrients
why do we need placenta
Selective transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products between mother and fetus 2. Immunity: Serves to protect the mother and developing fetus from each other; IgG antibody diffusion 3. Endocrine function: Produces and secretes hormones for embryo/fetal growth, maternal pregnancy support and parturition
what are the Chorionic villi
Chorionic villi (chorion frondosum), which contain blood vessels linked to the fetal artery and vein in the umbilical cord, invade endometrium where maternal vessels are located
what is the pleecenta made of
Tissue from the fetus (chorion frondosum) and the decidua basalis (part of endometrium that is invaded) make up the placenta; SHARED ORGAN
which micro things are able to pass the placenta
nutrients, gases,
antibodies, and some bacteria/viruses
can pass from maternal circulation to
fetal circulation
what is the placenta barrier
number of tissue layers between fetal and maternal blood
proteolytic enzymes is secreted by which organ and what does it do
Trophoblast cells secrete proteolytic enzymes that digest the maternal tissue layers; maternal blood pools around chorionic villi
which hormones are secreted by the plecenta
Progesterone Estrogen Human placental lactogen (hPL) Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) Placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
what is the production and regulation of the progesterone
The placenta takes over
progesterone production from the
corpus luteum to maintain the
pregnancy
what is the role of the progesterone during the pregnenecy
Maintains the pregnancy by thickening the cervix,
suppressing the maternal immune response and
preventing ovulation; also promotes mammary
growth
what is the regulation of the estrogen
Estrogen levels rise throughout
pregnancy as the placenta grows
what is the action of the estrogen in the body
Stimulate the growth of the myometrium, promote
mammary development and suppress gonadotrophin
release from pituitary gland
what is the hpl is related to and what it is produced by
Related to prolactin and growth hormone, produced by placenta
and uterus
what is the action of the hpl
Promotes growth and differentiation of mammary
tissue, increased blood glucose levels in the mother
what kind of the hormone is lcG
Luteinizing hormone produced by
fetal trophoblast cells
what is the action of the hcg
Prevents luteal regression and is thus a signal for
maternal recognition of pregnancy
what is CRH identical to and where does it is acting on
identical to hypothalamic CRH and
acts on fetal anterior pituitary
what is the action of the CRH
increases cortisol and DHEAS production from
adrenal cortex; timing of labour
what is the Gestational diabetes
Insufficient insulin release to deal with
increased plasma glucose in the
mother due to the actions of hPL
how CRH is secrecated in the non pregnent person
In non-pregnant persons, CRH is
produced ONLY by the hypothalamus
when does the prenceta secrate the CRH
The placenta, during the 2nd and 3rd
trimesters, will produce CRH in
exponentially increasing amounts
when does placenta produce the CRH
The placenta, during the 2nd and 3rd
trimesters, will produce CRH in
exponentially increasing amounts
how the time of the parturition is determind
• The rate of CRH release is believed to
determine when parturition will
occur
what is the affect of the progestron on the muscles
Progesterone has a relaxing effect on
the muscles of the uterus
what is the action of the estrogen during the labur
To induce labour, progesterone needs
to be inhibited; this is accomplished by
rising levels of estrogen produced by
placenta
what does the CRH do during the labur
Placental CRH causes release of ACTH from anterior pituitary, which causes release of cortisol and DHEAS (an adrenal androgen) from adrenal cortex
what is the action of the cortisol during the labur
Cortisol released from adrenal cortex
has a positive feedback effect on
placental CRH, increasing its release
• Among other roles, cortisol is essential
at this stage for final lung maturation in
the fetus
what is the action of the DHEAS in the labur
DHEAS is converted to estrogen
(estriol) in placenta, which is then
released into maternal circulation
what does striol do in the labur
Estriol acts on the uterus to facilitate the action of: – Prostaglandins: Assist with cervical ripening and uterine contractions – Oxytocin: Powerful promoter of uterine contractions
which hormones are responsible in the stage of the labur
• Together, estriol, prostaglandins, and
oxytocin are responsible for the
what are the stages of labur
• Dilation stage:
Expulsion stage:
Placental stage:
what is the dilation stage
From onset of labour to
complete dilation of the cervix (includes
rupture of the amniotic sac)
what is the expulsion stage
From complete
cervical dilation to delivery of the baby
what is the plecenta stage
Placenta detaches from uterine wall and is expelled from
uterus
when does the dilation stage happen and how long does it take
ncludes rupture of the amniotic sac
(water breaking)
• Typically lasts 6-12 hours; cervix dilates from
1 cm to 10 cm
• Enzymes stimulated by prostaglandins break down
the collagen in cervical tissue, allowing it to soften
and widen
when does the expulsion stage happen and how long does it take
Expulsion stage: 10 mins to several hours (depending on several factors)
• Uterine contractions stimulated by oxytocin intensify; “pushing” (bearing down) by the
mother helps move fetus through the vaginal canal
• After birth, umbilical cord is clamped and breastfeeding can begin
what is the lactaion
Lactation is the process by which
mothers of newborns can produce and
secrete milk
milk released is simulated by which hormon
Milk release is suppressed during
pregnancy and is stimulated thanks to
prolactin and oxytocin after birth
how long does a child is nutrished with the breast milk
Ideal amount of carbohydrates, protein,
and fat to sustain a child for the first 6
months
breast is made of which tissues
Breasts (mammary glands) contain
adipose tissue and glandular tissue
which hormons throughout the pregnency promote the growth of the alveoli and ducts
High levels of estrogen and
progesterone throughout pregnancy
promote the growth and development of
alveoli and ducts
prolactin is rleased and inhbitated by which hormon
rolactin release is stimulated by prolactinreleasing hormone (PRH) and inhibited by prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH; dopamine)
which hormons inhabit the PIH
• Progesterone and estrogen inhibit PIH, resulting
in increasing prolactin levels during pregnancy
which hormone inhibits the action of the prolactin
Conversely, progesterone also inhibits the
ACTION of prolactin to prevent lactation until
after parturition
does Prolactin enhances secretion of PIH
yes
what is the role of the oxcytocin aftwe birth
• Once the baby is born, oxytocin allows for the release of breast milk (milk
letdown/ejection)
does Prolactin also has a negative feedback effect on the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
Prolactin also has a negative feedback effect on the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus
what is the colostrum
Often called “first milk”, colostrum is
produced in the final few days of
pregnancy
is the colostrum composition similar to the breast milk and what is it rich in
Different in composition than breast milk,
colostrum is rich in IgA antibodies
(primary antibody in mucosal tissues)
what is the breast milk made of
It also contains leukocytes, cytokines,
antioxidants, enzymes, and hormones
that assist in building newborn immunity
both commercial and breast milk provid …….. but commercial milk does not provide ……….
Both commercial formulas and human breast milk provide adequate nutrition for a growing baby • Formula does not provide immune benefits seen in breast milk • Alternatives to exclusive breastfeeding: Combination feeding, donor breast milk; both provide some immune benefits • Colostrum is crucial!
what is the affect of the oxytocin on the male and female during the sex
Oxytocin levels rise during sexual
stimulation and orgasm in both males and
females
what are the other names of the oxycocet
Love hormone”, “cuddle hormone”, “trust
hormone”
