Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology > Repro Phys 3 > Flashcards

Repro Phys 3 Flashcards

1
Q

2 methods of fetal growth?

A

Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Which method of fetal growth is more dominant in the 1st and 2nd trimester?

A

Hyperplasia dominates, some hypertrophy also occurs

(think, lots of cell proliferation required for initial organ development)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which method of fetal growth is more dominant in the 3rd trimester?

A

Hypertrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

T or F: placental growth typically parallels fetal growth

A

TRUE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do periods of rapid fetal growth occur/when does fetal growth not parallel placental growth?

A

When placental villi surface area increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is placental reserve

A

Ability of placenta to function above actual fetal needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can impact placental reserve?

A

Smaller placenta (i.e. d/t smoking) which can lead to IUGR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Is fetal growth predominantly hyperplastic or hypertrophic overall?

A

Hyperplastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What regulates early fetal growth and development?

A

Genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What regulates later fetal growth and development?

A

Multifactorial: placental function, hormone effects, environment (maternal nutrition status, drugs, ambient O2), metabolic effects (chronic illness or disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Does length or weight experience a dramatic increase at the late stages of fetal development?

A

Weight, length steadily increases throughout pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does glucose enter the placenta?

A

Passively crosses from maternal blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T or F: Maternal insulin can NOT cross the placenta

A

TRUE – fetus produces its own insulin in response to maternal glucose passively entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does high maternal glucose impact the fetus?

A

Passively crosses over and increases fetal glucose and subsequent insulin production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does high maternal glucose result in macrosomia?

A

High maternal glucose translates to high fetal glucose and insulin levels, and insulin has a similar structure to IGF so it initiates excess fetal growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is IGF high or low during fetal life?

A

High (baby needs to grow doesn’t it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IGF is independent/dependent on GH stimulation during fetal life

A

Independent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When does fetal thyroid hormone production begin

A

2nd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Clinical manifestations of fetal hypothyroidism

A

Reduced growth of heart, liver, kidneys, and spleen

Neurological compromise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Location of fetal erythropoiesis in:
Earliest parts of development
~halfway through pregnancy
Right at term

A

Earliest = yolk sac
Halfway = liver and then spleen
Right at term = bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

There is a (high or low) percent of reticulocytes in early fetal life

A

High!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

T or F: fetus makes itws own proteins

A

TRUE – 3-4x increase during 3rd trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Purpose of fetal fat storage

A

Energy reservoir and temperature regulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Gonadal sex refers to…

A

Presence of ovaries or testes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Turner and Klinefelter genotype

A

Turner: XO
Klinefelter: XXY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Mesonephric/Wolffian ducts ultimately differentiate into ______

A

Vas deferens

27
Q

Paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts ultimately differentiate into _______

A

Uterus and proximal vagina

28
Q

Leydig cells produce _____ which promotes growth of ______ ducts

A

testosterone; Wolffian/mesonephric

29
Q

Sertoli cells produce ____ which inhibits development of ______ ducts

A

AMF; Mullerian/paramesonephric

30
Q

Absence of _____ promotes development of paramesonephric/Mullerian ducts and absence of ______ results in degeneration of mesonephric/Mullerian structures

A

AMH; testosterone

31
Q

When is surfactant produced?

A

~week 24 –> fetus considered viable at this point

32
Q

Canalicular period of lung development

A

16-25 weeks:
- branching of bronchi (changing shape)

33
Q

Terminal sac period of lung development

A

~24-32 weeks:
- minimal surfactant production
- thinning of respiratory epithelia
- improved interaction of blood and epithelium interface

34
Q

Alveolar period of lung development

A

32 weeks up until age 8:
- continued growth in number of alveoli

35
Q

How do fetal glucocorticoids impact pulmonary development?

A

Stimulate type 2 pneumatocytes to produce more DPCC and surfactant

36
Q

When do fetal respiratory movements begin

A

1st trimester

37
Q

What stimulates fetal respiratory movements?

A

Hypoxia and tactile stimulation

38
Q

What are the 4 fetal shunts?

A

Placenta, ductus venosus, ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale

39
Q

How many umbilical arteries are there? Veins?

A

2 arteries, 1 vein

THINK: arteries is the longer word so there are two of them

40
Q

Umbilical arteries carry ______ blood and umbilical veins carry ______ blood

A

Deoxygenated; oxygenated

41
Q

Placenta acts as the ______ of the fetus

A

Lungs –> where oxygenation takes place

42
Q

Ductus venosus bypasses the _____ and sends blood to the IVC to enter the RA

A

liver

43
Q

_________ shunts a portion of oxygenated blood form the RA to the LA

A

Foramen ovale

44
Q

Where do we have the highest fetal [O2]

A

Foramen ovale

45
Q

Oxygenated blood from the fetal heart is preferentially shunted to ______

A

head and UE

46
Q

Ductus arteriosus shunts blood from _______ to ______

A

pulmonary trunk; aorta

47
Q

What substance keeps the ductus arteriosus open during fetal life?

A

PGE2 produced by the placenta (rapidly declines at birth which contributes to ductus arteriosus closure)

48
Q

What causes pulmonary circulation to dominate at birth?

A
  • Sclerosis of umbilical vein inhibits maternal fetal communication
  • First breath (lung expansion) decreases pulmonary resistance/P and increases vascular resistance/P
  • Foramen ovale closes with first breath
  • Vasoconstriction of ductus venosus increases liver perfusion via hepatic portal system
49
Q

How do: pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary blood flow, and mean pulmonary arterial P change at birth?

A

Resistance: decrease
Blood flow: increase
P: decrease

50
Q

First breath requires large (negative or positive) P to expand lungs

A

Negative

51
Q

How long can it take for the FO to permanently close?

A

Up to 6 months

52
Q

How long does the DA remain open after birth?

A

24-48 hours

53
Q

Fetal metabolic rate is ____ than an adult’s

A

Greater (2x)

54
Q

T or F: Neonatal kidneys can fully concentrate urine

A

FALSE – only partially developed and can only partially concentrate urine as a result –> leads to frequent urination and a higher plasma osmolality (lower urine osmolality)

55
Q

Neonatal liver performs (ineffective/effective) gluconeogenesis

A

Ineffective

56
Q

Impact of ineffective gluconeogenesis on neonatal physiology?

A

Quick declines in blood glucose when unfed

57
Q

Why do neonates have poor fat absorption?

A

Limited amylase activity

58
Q

Which antibodies cross from the placenta to the fetus?

A

IgG (IgA, IgE and IgM too large)

59
Q

Immunological developments in utero:

A

Development of complement, lysozymes, IFN-gamma

60
Q

Which immunoglobulin is transferred via breast milk?

A

IgA

61
Q

When are IgG levels highest?

A

Right after birth, nadir at ~3 months old

62
Q

How long does it take for IgG to be fully functional?

A

Sometimes more than a year, production of IgG is slow

63
Q

At what age do neonates have a very high risk of infection? Why?

A

~6 months because maternal IgG levels have depleted and the baby has not yet started making their own IgG

Physiology (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions