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Physiology > Neuro Phys I > Flashcards

Neuro Phys I Flashcards

1
Q

_________ nerves release acetylcholine

A

Parasympathetic

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2
Q

What receptor types does Ach excite?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

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3
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located?

A

Synapses between pre and postsynaptic neurons

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4
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors located?

A

ALL effector cells stimulated by postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers

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5
Q

Nicotonic receptors = ____synpatic
Muscarinic receptors = ____synpatic

A

Nicotinic = pre
Muscarinic = post

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6
Q

Where is acetylcholine active?

A

Most parts of the brain

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7
Q

What happens to excess acetylcholine that remains in the synaptic cleft?

A

Broken down into choline and acetate byproducts

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8
Q

What is the effect of Ach binding on Na+ channels?

A

Na+ channels open when Ach binds, making Ach EXCITATORY

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9
Q

What is the difference between an ionotropic receptor and a metabotropic receptor?

A

Ionotropic = NT binding induces ion channels to open
Metabotropic = NT binding acitvates G protein coupled receptors

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10
Q

Example of an ionotropic receptor and an example of a metabotropic receptor

A

Ionotropic = nicotinic
Metabotropic (aka G protein coupled receptors) = muscarinic

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11
Q

What is the primary NT of postsynaptic sympathetic nerves?

A

Norepinephrine

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12
Q

What receptors does NE stimulate?

A

Alpha and beta adrenergic receptors

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13
Q

How is NE removed from the synaptic cleft?

A

Reuptake OR metabolized by monoamine oxidase (MAO) or catechol-O-methyltransferase

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14
Q

Precursor of NE?

A

Tyrosine

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15
Q

Where do you find high concentrations of serotonin?

A

Platelets and GI system

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15
Q

How do cocaine and TCAs impact NE levels in the synaptic cleft?

A

Inhibit NE reuptake, causing INCREASED levels of NE in the cleft

15
Q

What kind of receptors does serotonin bind to?

A

5-HT receptors

15
Q

What is the precursor for serotonin?

A

5-HT

16
Q

What is the role of serotonin?

A

Regulate mood and sleep

17
Q

What medication inhibits 5HT transporters to prevent serotonin uptake?

A

SSRIs

18
Q

Why is serotonin linked to depressive disorders?

A

5-HT widely found throughout the limbic system

19
Q

Where is dopamine released from?

A

Hypothalamus

20
Q

What does dopamine do to prolactin?

A

Inhibits release of prolactin (dopamine also called PIF)

21
Q

What metabolizes dopamine?

A

MAO and COMT (just like NE)

22
Q

What receptors can dopamine bind to?

A

D1 – increases cAMP (excitatory/activation)
D2 – decreases cAMP (inhibitory)

23
Q

What does dopamine control?

A

Motor integration/control (loss of dopamine associated with Parkinsonism)

THINK: dopamine and dexterity both start with d

Limbic subcortical projections controlling reward, punishment, etc. (dysfunction associated with schizophrenia and addiction)

24
Q

What is the most abundant excitatory NT in the brain and spinal cord?

A

Glutamate

25
Q

_____ cells can convert glutamate into less potent glutamine

A

Glial cells (most specifically astrocytes)

26
Q

What situations cause an overabundance of glutamate?

A

Ischemia/anoxia, trauma, hypoglycemia

Damage to neurons and glial cells (failure to reuptake or convert)

27
Q

What receptors can glutamate bind to?

A

NMDA – ionophores that open Ca channels and allow Na influx

Kainate and AMPA – ionophores that primarily allow Na+ influx, but also allow some K+ efflux (net effect is a decrease in EN and depolarization)

28
Q

What is the classic inhibitory NT?

A

GABA

29
Q

How is GABA made?

A

Synthesized from glutamate via glutamate decarboxylase (GAD)

30
Q

What receptors does GABA bind?

A

GABA(A) – ionophore that increases chloride entry, making it INHIBITORY
* this is the MOA of benzodiazepines

GABA(B) – ionophore that increases K+ exit and delays the opening of Ca2+ channels, making it INHIBITORY

31
Q

Is glycine an excitatory or inhibitory NT?

A

Mostly inhibitory – it increases Cl- entry

32
Q

In what situations could glycine be excitatory?

A

When glycine and glutamate act in tandem, they can bind to NDMA receptors and potentiate the effects of glutamate

Physiology (4 decks)

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