Repro PATH lab Flashcards
Histo of seminomas
sheets of uniform polygonal cells with clear cytoplasm, round nuclei, and prominent nucleoli.
What group of lymph nodes (location) is typically the first involved by metastatic penile squamous cell carcinoma?
The inguinal lymph nodes.
Which sexually transmitted disease is associated with the development of penile squamous cell carcinoma?
Human papilloma virus infection.
How do malignant prostatic glands differ from benign prostatic glands in histologic appearance?
Malignant prostatic glands tend to be small, back-to-back, and infiltrating; they have a single cell layer and prominent nucleoli. Benign prostatic glands tend to be larger, have a lobular configuration, and are lined by two cell layers.
What are some common metastatic sites for prostatic adenocarcinoma?
Pelvic lymph nodes, bone, lungs.
What are the risk factors for the development of cervical dysplasia?
Multiple lifetime sexual partners (five or more), high-risk sex partners (those with: condyloma, penile carcinoma, multiple sexual partners, partners who have condyloma, dysplasia, or cervical carcinoma), early coitarche.
Why can we consider squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA) of the cervix a sexually transmitted disease?
Squamous carcinoma of the cervix is the end point of a progression of lesions that begins with infection by human papilloma virus (HPV), probably in tandem with environmental cofactors. Women who are sexually active can become infected; women who are not sexually active generally don’t get SCCA of the cervix. The risk factors that predispose sexually active women to develop SCCA are: young age at first sexual intercourse, especially before age 16 (the hormonal interactions on the changing cervix of menarche render it susceptible to infection); multiple lifetime sexual partners (the more partners, the higher the probability of infection); male sexual partners who are high risk themselves (they have had condyloma or penile cancer, other partners with cervical cancer or dysplasia, or multiple sexual partners); and cigarette smoking.
Is endometriod carcinoma malignant or benign?
Malignant
How doesthe histologic appearance of endometriod adenocarcinoma differ from adenomyosis?
Adenomyosis has both benign endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium, while in endometrial adenocarcinoma, only malignant glands involve the myometrium.
What are other common locations for endometriosis?
Uterine ligaments, rectovaginal septum, and pelvic peritoneum.
What are the potential origins of the development of endometriosis?
Regurgitation through the fallopian tubes; metaplasia of the peritoneum; vascular or lymphatic invasion.
What is a possible complication of endometriosis of the intestines?
Obstruction.
Dyspareunia
pain when sexual intercourse or other sexual activity that involves penetration is attempted or pain during these activities.
What symptoms may be associated with adenomyosis?
Menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia.
Histo of cystadenocarcinoma
complex papillary structures with occasional psammoma bodies.
What histologic characteristic distinguishes serous tumors of low malignant potential from serous cystadenomas?
Serous tumors of low malignant potential are lined by complex papillary structures covered by epithelium with nuclear atypia and mitotic activity, while serous cystadenomas are lined by a flat, bland epithelium.
What is the prognosis for a completely excised ovarian serous tumor of low malignant potential that is confined to the ovary?
Excellent; 100% cured.
Where else in the body do teratomas arise?
They occur in testis and, rarely, in the mediastinum, pineal gland, and sacrococcygeal region.
Fibrothecomas are discovered in which age group of patients most commonly?
Middle-aged to elderly women.
What other tumors commonly metastasize to the ovaries?
Endometrial carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and other gastrointestinal carcinomas.
What histologic features distinguish proliferative from nonproliferative fibrocystic change?
Nonproliferative changes include stromal fibrosis and cyst formation; proliferative changes include the nonproliferative changes plus epithelial hyperplasia and sclerosing adenosis.
How are apocrine metaplasia cells different morphologically from normal ductal cells?
Apocrine metaplasia cells have abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and large round nuclei with nucleoli.
Is the presence of ductal hyperplasia without atypia a risk factor for the subsequent development of breast carcinoma?
Yes, but only a slightly increased risk (1.5 - 2X). Atypical ductal hyperplasia has a 4-5X increased risk.
Besides the axillary lymph nodes, what other organs are commonly involved by metastatic breast carcinoma?
Lungs, liver, bone.
What factors influence the prognosis of breast cancer?
Size of tumor, number of lymph node metastases, histologic type and grade of tumor, presence or absence of estrogen receptors, proliferative rate and DNA ploidy, and overexpression of HER2.
What are the typical symptoms of an intraductal papilloma?
Serous or bloody nipple discharge, occasionally with an underlying palpable nodule.
How does lobular carcinoma in situ differ from ductal carcinomas in situ with regard to the subsequent risk for invasive breast carcinoma?
With long-term follow-up (~ 24 years), 30% of patients with LCIS develop invasive carcinoma; however, the tumor may be ductal or lobular, in the same or opposite breast. Thus, lobular carcinoma in situ is considered a marker of increased risk for invasive breast carcinoma, while intraductal carcinomas are considered precursors to invasive breast carcinoma.
In comparison, what is the typical gross appearance of a partial molar pregnancy?
A partial molar pregnancy is composed of bloody, friable tissue indistinguishable from spontaneous abortion tissue.
What is a common complication of metastatic choriocarcinoma?
Hemorrhage.
