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3rd year > Repro - histology and uterine pathology > Flashcards

Repro - histology and uterine pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 functions of an ovary

A

produce gametes

produce hormones

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2
Q

what are the 2 parts of a ovary

A

medulla = core

cortex

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3
Q

what does the medulla of the ovary contain

A

highly vascular, contains connective tissue, lymph and nerves

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4
Q

what does the cortex of the ovary contain

A

follicles and connective tissue with stromal cells and scattered smooth muscle

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5
Q

what is the blood supply of the ovary

A

helicine arteries originating from the broad ligament

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6
Q

at what age do you have the most follicles? when do you have the least?

A

most = in utero at 7 months

least = after menopause

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7
Q

what are the types of pre-astral follicles

A

primordial
primary
late primary

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8
Q

what are the types of antral follicles

A

secondary

mature Graafian

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9
Q

what is a primordial follicle

A

pregranulosa cell + primary oocyte

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10
Q

what is a primary follicle

A

cuboidal granulosa cell

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11
Q

what forms in the primary follicle

A

theca interna and externa

zona pellucide

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12
Q

what forms in the secondary follicle

A

antrum

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13
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation if there is no implantation

A

turns into corpus lutem with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

then becomes white connective tissue called corpus albicans

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14
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation if there is implantation

A

turns into corpus lutem with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

corpus lutem doesn’t degrade due to HGC secreted from placenta

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15
Q

what is the fallopian tubes also known as

A

uterine tubes

oviducts

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16
Q

what are the parts of the fallopian tubes? where does fertilisation occur

A

ampulla = fertilisation

isthmus

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17
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium = 3 layers of smooth muscle
perimetrium = visceral covering

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18
Q

what layer sheds during menstruation

A

endometrium

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19
Q

what are the two divisions of endometrium? what are their function?

A

Stratum Functionalis = undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss (period)

Stratum Basalis = reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis.

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20
Q

where is the transformation zone located? what is it?

A

cervix

squamo-columnar junction between ectocervical (squamous) and endocervical (columnar) epithelia

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21
Q

what is a nabothian cyst/follicle

A

mucus filled cyst on the surface of the cervix which is caused when squamous epithelium grows over the columnar epithelium

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22
Q

what are the 2 types of uterine fibroids

A

leiomyoma

leiomyosarcoma

23
Q

what is leiomyoma? what is it dependent on?

A

benign tumour of smooth muscle

oestrogen dependent

24
Q

what are the symptoms of leiomyoma

A

menorrhagia
infertility
mass effect: pain etc

25
Q

what is leiomyoscarcoma? who is affected

A

rare, malignant tumour of smooth muscle

affects >50yrs old

26
Q

what are the symptoms of leiomyoscarcoma

A

abnormal bleeding
pelvic pain
palpable pelvic mass

27
Q

what is the treatment of uterine fibroids

A

conservative
medical = GnRH analogues, mirena, progestins
surgery

28
Q

what are the symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia

A

abnormal bleeding

29
Q

what are the types of endometrial hyperplasia

A

simple
complex
atypical

30
Q

describe simple endometrial hyperplasia

A

distribution: general
contains: glands & stroma
glands: dilated
cytology: normal

31
Q

describe complex endometrial hyperplasia

A

distribution: focal
contains: glands
glands: crowded
cytology: normal

32
Q

describe atypical endometrial hyperplasia

A

distribution: focal
contains: glands
glands: crowded
cytology: atypical

33
Q

what is Endometritis

A

abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells

34
Q

what are the causes of Endometritis

A

infection
IUD
post-partum/post-abortal/post-curettage
granulomatous

35
Q

what are the symptoms of endometrial polyps

A

usually asymptomatic

bleeding/discharge around or after the menopause

36
Q

what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding

A

uterine bleeding in the absence of pathology

37
Q

what can dysfunctional uterine bleeding be divided into? what are their features?

A

anovulatory (85%) = irregular cycle, occurs at extremes of reproductive life

ovulatory = regular, heavy periods

38
Q

when does menopause usually occur

A

around 51yrs

39
Q

when does premature menopause occur

A

<40yrs

40
Q

when does early menopause occur

A

<45yrs

41
Q

when does late menopause occur

A

> 54yrs

42
Q

what are the symptoms of the menopause

A 
irregular periods/intra-menstrual bleeding 
hot flushes
night sweats 
palpitaions 
insomnia 
mood swings 
change in libido
dry vagina/skin/hair
breast/genital atrophy
43
Q

what are the treatments of menopause

A

conservative/lifestyle

HRT

44
Q

what is HRT? what are the contradictions

A

oestrogen +/- progesterone

breast/endometrial cancer
recent MI/ active VTE
active liver disease

45
Q

what is the treatment for hot flushes

A

clonidine

46
Q

what is the treatment for mood swings

A

SSRIs

47
Q

what is the treatment for vaginal dryness

A

regelle

48
Q

what is the basic secretory unit of the breast

A

terminal duct lobar unit (TDLU)

49
Q

what is the lactiferous sinus

A

an expanded duct region near the nipple

50
Q

what lines the breast lobules? what surrounds the lining cells?

A

secretory epithelial cell varying from cuboidal to columnar

surrounded by myoepithelial
cells then basal lamina

51
Q

what covers the nipples

A

thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

52
Q

where are the lactiferous ducts located

A

nipple

53
Q

what are suspensory ligaments

A

large condensation of fibrous tissue that extend from skin dermis to deep fascia on anterior chest wall muscles

54
Q

what is human milk made of

A 
88% water 
7% carbohydrate (lactose) 
3.5% lipid 
1.5% protein (lactalbumin and casein)
With small quantities of ions, vitamins and IgA antibodies

3rd year (12 decks)

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