Repro - histology and uterine pathology

Question 1

what are the 2 functions of an ovary

Answer 1

produce gametes

produce hormones

Question 2

what are the 2 parts of a ovary

Answer 2

medulla = core

cortex

Question 3

what does the medulla of the ovary contain

Answer 3

highly vascular, contains connective tissue, lymph and nerves

Question 4

what does the cortex of the ovary contain

Answer 4

follicles and connective tissue with stromal cells and scattered smooth muscle

Question 5

what is the blood supply of the ovary

Answer 5

helicine arteries originating from the broad ligament

Question 6

at what age do you have the most follicles? when do you have the least?

Answer 6

most = in utero at 7 months

least = after menopause

Question 7

what are the types of pre-astral follicles

Answer 7

primordial
primary
late primary

Question 8

what are the types of antral follicles

Answer 8

secondary

mature Graafian

Question 9

what is a primordial follicle

Answer 9

pregranulosa cell + primary oocyte

Question 10

what is a primary follicle

Answer 10

cuboidal granulosa cell

Question 11

what forms in the primary follicle

Answer 11

theca interna and externa

zona pellucide

Question 12

what forms in the secondary follicle

Answer 12

antrum

Question 13

what happens to the follicle after ovulation if there is no implantation

Answer 13

turns into corpus lutem with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

then becomes white connective tissue called corpus albicans

Question 14

what happens to the follicle after ovulation if there is implantation

Answer 14

turns into corpus lutem with theca and granulosa cells secreting oestrogen and progesterone

corpus lutem doesn’t degrade due to HGC secreted from placenta

Question 15

what is the fallopian tubes also known as

Answer 15

uterine tubes

oviducts

Question 16

what are the parts of the fallopian tubes? where does fertilisation occur

Answer 16

ampulla = fertilisation

isthmus

Question 17

what are the 3 layers of the uterus

Answer 17

endometrium
myometrium = 3 layers of smooth muscle
perimetrium = visceral covering

Question 18

what layer sheds during menstruation

Answer 18

endometrium

Question 19

what are the two divisions of endometrium? what are their function?

Answer 19

Stratum Functionalis = undergoes monthly growth, degeneration and loss (period)

Stratum Basalis = reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis.

Question 20

where is the transformation zone located? what is it?

Answer 20

cervix

squamo-columnar junction between ectocervical (squamous) and endocervical (columnar) epithelia

Question 21

what is a nabothian cyst/follicle

Answer 21

mucus filled cyst on the surface of the cervix which is caused when squamous epithelium grows over the columnar epithelium

Question 22

what are the 2 types of uterine fibroids

Answer 22

leiomyoma

leiomyosarcoma

Question 23

what is leiomyoma? what is it dependent on?

Answer 23

benign tumour of smooth muscle

oestrogen dependent

Question 24

what are the symptoms of leiomyoma

Answer 24

menorrhagia
infertility
mass effect: pain etc

Question 25

what is leiomyoscarcoma? who is affected

Answer 25

rare, malignant tumour of smooth muscle affects >50yrs old

Question 26

what are the symptoms of leiomyoscarcoma

Answer 26

abnormal bleeding pelvic pain palpable pelvic mass

Question 27

what is the treatment of uterine fibroids

Answer 27

conservative medical = GnRH analogues, mirena, progestins surgery

Question 28

what are the symptoms of endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 28

abnormal bleeding

Question 29

what are the types of endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 29

simple complex atypical

Question 30

describe simple endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 30

distribution: general contains: glands & stroma glands: dilated cytology: normal

Question 31

describe complex endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 31

distribution: focal contains: glands glands: crowded cytology: normal

Question 32

describe atypical endometrial hyperplasia

Answer 32

distribution: focal contains: glands glands: crowded cytology: atypical

Question 33

what is Endometritis

Answer 33

abnormal pattern of inflammatory cells

Question 34

what are the causes of Endometritis

Answer 34

infection IUD post-partum/post-abortal/post-curettage granulomatous

Question 35

what are the symptoms of endometrial polyps

Answer 35

usually asymptomatic | bleeding/discharge around or after the menopause

Question 36

what is dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Answer 36

uterine bleeding in the absence of pathology

Question 37

what can dysfunctional uterine bleeding be divided into? what are their features?

Answer 37

anovulatory (85%) = irregular cycle, occurs at extremes of reproductive life ovulatory = regular, heavy periods

Question 38

when does menopause usually occur

Answer 38

around 51yrs

Question 39

when does premature menopause occur

Answer 39

<40yrs

Question 40

when does early menopause occur

Answer 40

<45yrs

Question 41

when does late menopause occur

Answer 41

>54yrs

Question 42

what are the symptoms of the menopause

Answer 42

``` irregular periods/intra-menstrual bleeding hot flushes night sweats palpitaions insomnia mood swings change in libido dry vagina/skin/hair breast/genital atrophy ```

Question 43

what are the treatments of menopause

Answer 43

conservative/lifestyle | HRT

Question 44

what is HRT? what are the contradictions

Answer 44

oestrogen +/- progesterone breast/endometrial cancer recent MI/ active VTE active liver disease

Question 45

what is the treatment for hot flushes

Answer 45

clonidine

Question 46

what is the treatment for mood swings

Answer 46

SSRIs

Question 47

what is the treatment for vaginal dryness

Answer 47

regelle

Question 48

what is the basic secretory unit of the breast

Answer 48

terminal duct lobar unit (TDLU)

Question 49

what is the lactiferous sinus

Answer 49

an expanded duct region near the nipple

Question 50

what lines the breast lobules? what surrounds the lining cells?

Answer 50

secretory epithelial cell varying from cuboidal to columnar surrounded by myoepithelial cells then basal lamina

Question 51

what covers the nipples

Answer 51

thin, highly pigmented keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

Question 52

where are the lactiferous ducts located

Answer 52

nipple

Question 53

what are suspensory ligaments

Answer 53

large condensation of fibrous tissue that extend from skin dermis to deep fascia on anterior chest wall muscles

Question 54

what is human milk made of

Answer 54

``` 88% water 7% carbohydrate (lactose) 3.5% lipid 1.5% protein (lactalbumin and casein) With small quantities of ions, vitamins and IgA antibodies ```