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FA - Reproductive > Repro - Embryology (Genital Embryology) > Flashcards

Repro - Embryology (Genital Embryology) Flashcards

Pg. 561-562 Sections include: -Genital embryology -Bicornuate uterus -SRY gene -Male/female genital homologs Congenital penile abnormalities -Descent of testes and ovaries

1
Q

What is the default gender development?

A

Female

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2
Q

What embryological changes occur in preparation for female development?

A

Mesonephric duct degenerates and paramesonephric duct develops

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3
Q

What gene determines male development? Where is it found? What is its gene product, and what effect does this have?

A

SRY gene on Y chromosome - produces testis-determining factor (testes development)

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4
Q

What substance do Seroli cells produce, and what effect does this substance have on genital development?

A

Sertoli cells secrete Mullerian inhbitiory factory (MIF) that suppresses development of paramesonephric duct

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5
Q

What substance do Leydig cells produce, and what effect does it have on genital development?

A

Leydig cells secrete androgens that stimulate the development of mesonephric ducts

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6
Q

What is another name for the paramesoneprhic duct? Into what structures does it develop?

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct; Develops into female internal structures - fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper portion of vagina (lower portion from urogenital sinus)

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7
Q

What gives rise to the upper versus lower portions of the vagina?

A

Paramesonephric (Mullerian) duct - upper portion of vagina (lower portion from urogenital sinus)

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8
Q

How may Mullerian duct abnormalities present?

A

Mullerian duct abnormalities result in anatomical defects that may present as primary amenorrhea in females with fully developed secondary sexual characteristics (indicator of functional ovaries)

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9
Q

What is another name for the Mesonephric duct? Into what structures does it develop?

A

Mesonephric (Wolffian) duct; Develops into male internal structures (except prostate) - Seminal vesicles, Epididymis, Ejaculatory duct, and Ductus deferens (SEED).

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10
Q

What causes Bicornuate uterus? How does it differ from double uterus and vagina?

A

Results from incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts (vs. complete failure of fusion, resulting in double uterus and vagina).

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11
Q

What medical complication can result from Bicornuate uterus, and why?

A

Can lead to anatomic defects => recurrent miscarriages

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12
Q

What characterizes a patient that has SRY gene on Y chromosome but no Sertoli cells?

A

No Sertoli cells or lack of Mullerian inhibitory factor: develop both male and female internal genitalia and male external genitalia

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13
Q

What characterizes a patient that has SRY gene on Y chromosome but 5alpha-reductase deficiency?

A

5alpha-reductase deficiency: male internal genitalia, ambiguous external genitalia until puberty (when high testosterone levels cause masculinization)

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14
Q

Diagram the process of male genital development, including the effects of the following key players: (1) SRY gene on Y chromosome (2) Sertoli cell (3) Leydig cell.

A

See p. 561 in First Aid 2014 for diagram at bottom of page

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15
Q

How are internal versus external male genitalia normally generated?

A

Testosterone converts Wolffian duct to male internal genitalia (except prostate); DHT converts genital tubercle/urogenital sinus to male external genitalia/prostate

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16
Q

What secretes Mullerian inhibitory factor, and what role does it play?

A

Sertoli cells; Degeneration of paramesonephric (Mullerian) cut (female internal genitalia)

17
Q

Draw and label the following genital embryology structures: (1) Gubernaculum (2) Indifferent gonad (3) Mesonephros (4) Mesonephric duct (5) Paramesonephric duct (6) Urogenital sinus.

A

See p. 561 in First Aid 2014 for visual at top right of page

18
Q

What is the fate of the Genital tubercle in the presence of estrogen versus dihydrotestosterone?

A

ESTROGEN: Genital tubercle => Glans clitoris & Vestibular bulbs; DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE: Genital tubercle => Glans penis & Corpus cavernosum and spongiosum

19
Q

What is the fate of the Urogenital sinus in the presence of estrogen versus dihydrotestosteronee?

A

ESTROGEN: Urogenital sinus => Greater vestibular glands (of Bartholin) & Urethral and paraurethral glands (of Skene); DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE: Urogenital sinus => Bulbourethral glands (of Cowper) & Prostate gland

20
Q

What is the fate of the Urogenital folds in the presence of estrogen versus dihydrotestosterone?

A

ESTROGEN: Urogenital folds => Labia minoria; DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE: Urogenital folds => Ventral shaft of penis (penile urethra)

21
Q

What is the fate of the Labioscrotal swelling in the presence of estrogen versus dihydrotestosterone?

A

ESTROGEN: Labioscrotal swelling => Labia majora; DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE: Labioscrotal swelling => Scrotum

22
Q

What are 4 key parts of undifferentiated genitals? What determines their differentiation into female versus male genitals?

A

(1) Genital tubercle (2) Urogenital sinus (3) Urogenital folds (4) Labioscrotal swelling; Dihydrotestosterone (male) versus Estrogen (female)

23
Q

What are 2 types of congenital penile abnormalities?

A

(1) Hypospadias (2) Epispadias

24
Q

What is hypospadias? Where is it located? What causes it?

A

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on inferior (ventral) side of penis due to failure of urethral folds to close; Think: “Hypo is below”

25
Q

What is epispadias? Where is it located? What causes it?

A

Abnormal opening of penile urethra on superior (dorsal) side of penis due to faulty positioning of genital tubercle; Think: “when you have Epispadias, you hit your Eye when you pEE”

26
Q

Of hypospadias and epispadias, which is more common?

A

Hypospadias is more common than epispadias

27
Q

What is of medical concern for hypospadias?

A

Fix hypospadias to prevent UTIs

28
Q

What condition is associated with epispadias?

A

Exostrophy of the bladder is associated with Epispadias

29
Q

What 2 structures are related to the descent of the testes and ovaries?

A

(1) gubernaculum (2) processus vaginalis

30
Q

What is the gubernaculum?

A

Gubernaculum (band of fibrous tissue)

31
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

Processus vaginalis (evagination of peritoneum)

32
Q

Briefly describe the gubernaculum remnant in males versus females.

A

MALE REMNANT: Anchors testes within scrotum; FEMALE REMNANT: Ovarian ligament + Round ligament of uterus

33
Q

Briefly describe the processus vaginalis in males versus females.

A

MALE REMNANT: Forms tunica vaginalis; FEMALE REMNANT: Obliterated

FA - Reproductive (18 decks)

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