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STEP 1 Microbiology > Repro- Bacteria and antibiotics > Flashcards

Repro- Bacteria and antibiotics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Syphilis- real name

A

Treponema pallidum

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2
Q

Syphilis- morphology

A

spirochete

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3
Q

Syphilis- diagnosis

A

Serology:

  • Non-treponemal (VDRL, RPR) tests for signs of active infection, but may not detect syphilis in early chancre stage or in late (tertiary) stage
  • Treponemal (FTA-ABS) tests for antibodies to syphilis directly. Will always be positive.

Darkfield microscopy needed for direct visualization.

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4
Q

Reasons for false positive in non-Treponemal test for syphilis

A

Mononucleosis, RF, SLE, leprosy, IV drug use

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5
Q

Primary syphilis presentation

A

Painless genital chancre a few weeks after inoculation, due to local invasion of blood vessels and subsequent ischemic necrosis. Nerve damage makes it painless. Heals in 3-6 weeks.

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6
Q

Secondary syphilis- presentation

A

Systemic disease with maculopapular rash all over (weeks to months after infection), but affects hands and soles of feet (this is uncommon for many other rashes). “Condyloma lata.”

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7
Q

Tertiary syphilis- presentation

A

Gummas (soft growths with firm necrotic center), which can occur anywhere in the body (skin, organs, bone, etc.); aortitis, especially in ascendng thoracic aorta, which may cause an aneurysm with a “tree-barking” appearance due to vasa vasorum damage; tabes dorsalis (demyelination of the dorsal columns of spinal cord); Argyll-Robertson pupils that accommodate but do not react

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8
Q

Congenital syphilis- presentation

A

Saber shins (anterior bowing of tibia); saddle-shaped nose; Hutchinson’s teeth (notched incisors); Mulberry molars (enamel outgrowths); congenital deafness

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9
Q

Gonorrhea- full name

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

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10
Q

Gonorrhea- morphology

A

Gram-negative diplococci; facultative intracellular (PMNs); not encapsulated

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11
Q

Gonorrhea- presentation (male)

A

Males: urethritis, which may lead to prostatitis or orchitis; white, purulent discharge; gonococcal arthritis

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12
Q

Gonorrhea- treatment

A

Ceftriaxone for gonorrhea, plus azithromycin/doxycycline for chlamydia coinfection and multi-drug resistance

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13
Q

Gonorrhea- presentation (female)

A

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); Fitz Hugh Curtis syndrome (PID, spread to peritoneum with “violin string” adhesions on liver capsule)

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14
Q

Gonorrhea- presentation (congenital)

A

Purulent conjunctivitis within first 5 days of life

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15
Q

Chlamydia- morphology

A

Obligate intracellular (no Gram stain), appearing as inclusion bodies on microscopy.

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16
Q

Why is chlamydia an obligate intracellular species?

A

Cannot make its own ATP

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17
Q

Why can’t you use penicillins for chlamydia?

A

Lacks muramic acid in cell wall

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18
Q

Chlamydia- lifecycle

A

Elementary bodies enter cell and become reticulate bodies (the active form that can multiply). When they are released from cell, they are in elementary form.

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19
Q

Chlamydia- diagnosis

A

Nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT); visualized by Giemsa stain

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20
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis- presentation (A-C)

A

Trachoma; blindness

21
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis- presentation (D-K)

A

STI; watery discharge, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID),

22
Q

Most common bacterial STI in the US

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)

23
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis- presentation (D-K; congenital)

A

Conjunctivitis (1-2 weeks after birth); pneumonia with staccato cough; Reiter syndrome

24
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis- presentation (L1-L3)

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum; infection of lymphatics (inguinal), beginning as a painless genital ulcer, presenting weeks later with tender lymphadenopathy

25
Q

Leading cause of blindness, worldwide

A

Trachoma (Chlamydia trachomatis, A-C)

26
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis- transmission (A-C)

A

Hand-to-eye contact or fomites

27
Q

Chlamydophila pneumoniae- presentation

A

Atypical pneumonia in the elderly

28
Q

Reiter syndrome- triad

A

Uveitis, reactive arthritis, urethritis

29
Q

Reiter syndrome- associated infections

A

Chlamydia trachomatis, Campylobacter, Shigella, Salmonella

30
Q

Chlamydophila psittaci- transmission

A

Bird droppings (often parrots, “pet store”)

31
Q

Chlamydia species- treatment

A

Macrolides (azithromycin), tetracyclines (doxycycline). Oral form needed for conjunctivitis. For STI, also give ceftriaxone empirically for gonorrhea.

32
Q

Most likely cause of PID with white, purulent discharge

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

33
Q

Most likely cause of PID with watery discharge

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)

34
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis during the first week of life

A

Neisseria gonorrheae

35
Q

Neonatal conjunctivitis during the second week of life

A

Chlamydia trachomatis (D-K)

36
Q

Listeria monocytogenes- morphology

A

Gram-positive rod; beta-hemolytic; facultative intracellular

37
Q

Listeria monocytogenes- motility

A

Flagella outside of cell; actin rockets from cell to cell

38
Q

Which foodborne illness thrives in freezing temperatures?

A

Listeria monocytogenes

39
Q

Listeria monocytogenes- consequences in pregnancy

A

Early: early termination
Late: disease in newborn (e.g. meningitis)

40
Q

Causes of meningitis in the newborn

A

1) Group B strep
2) E. coli
3) Listeria monocytogenes

41
Q

Listeria monocytogenes- presentation (elderly)

A

Meningitis

42
Q

Empiric treatment for meningitis

A

Vancomycin and ceftriaxone, plus ampicillin in the elderly

43
Q

Why is ampicillin included in empiric treatment for meningitis in the elderly?

A

Common cause of meningitis in adults >60

44
Q

What is the Thayer-Martin stain?

A

It is chocolate agar with antibiotics that only grows Neisseria species

45
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis- morphology

A

Gram-variable rod;

46
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis- presentation

A

Thin, grayish-white, “fishy” discharge.

47
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis- predisposing factors

A

Overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria causes a decrease in lactobacilli.

48
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis- diagnosis

A

pH above 4.5. Positive “whiff test” after treating discharge with 10% KOH prep. Wet mount shows “Clue cells,” which are epithelial cells coated with bacteria.

STEP 1 Microbiology (22 decks)

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